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Aquaporins

Aquaporins

Aquaporins or AQPs are a family of integral membrane proteins whose primary function is to transport water, while some called aquaglyceroporins also transport glycerol. In addition, aquaporins have also been suspected to be involved in transporting volatile substances, such as carbon dioxide and ammonia, across membranes. Such AQPs that act as gas channels are often highly expressed in cells involved in the gaseous exchange, such as red blood cells, epithelial cells, and pulmonary capillaries.

Vapor Pressure

Vapor Pressure

When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...

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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
Temporary attractive forces like dispersion are present in all molecules, whether they are polar or nonpolar. They...

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Pore transport, also known as convective transport, is a process where small molecules like urea, water, and sugars rapidly cross cell membranes as though there were channels or pores in the membrane. Although direct microscopic evidence is limited but the concept of pores or channels is widely accepted based on physiological evidence. Despite the lack of direct...

Distribution of Molecular Speeds

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The motion of molecules in a gas is random in magnitude and direction for individual molecules, but a gas of many molecules has a predictable distribution of molecular speeds. This predictable distribution of molecular speeds is known as the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. The distribution of molecular speeds in liquids is comparable to that of gases but not identical and can help to understand the phenomenon of the boiling and vapor pressure of a liquid. Consider that a molecule requires a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Fine-tuning the Size and Minimizing the Noise of Solid-state Nanopores

Published on: October 31, 2013

What keeps nanopores boiling.

Alberto Giacomello¹

¹Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica e Aerospaziale, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00184 Rome, Italy.

The Journal of Chemical Physics

|September 19, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Boiling in nanopores occurs unexpectedly, driven by nanoscale effects and material properties. Understanding this phenomenon in confined systems offers new technological opportunities in energy and computing.

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Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Nanotechnology

Background:

The liquid-to-vapor transition in nanopores presents fundamental questions and technological potential.
Classical nucleation theory and nanoscale effects govern boiling under confinement.

Purpose of the Study:

To introduce the physics of boiling in confinement.
To discuss factors affecting boiling conditions in nanopores.
To highlight applications in specific nanoconfined systems.

Main Methods:

Review of classical nucleation theory.
Analysis of nanoscale effects on boiling.
Discussion of material and external parameters influencing boiling.
Focus on heterogeneous lyophobic systems, chromatographic columns, and ion channels.

Main Results:

Boiling in nanopores can occur under unexpected conditions.
Material and external parameters significantly affect boiling conditions.
Nanoporous materials like metal-organic frameworks and biological nanopores offer control over boiling.

Conclusions:

Control over boiling in nanopores is advancing.
This research opens theoretical challenges and technological opportunities in energy, neuromorphic computing, and sensing.