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Related Concept Videos

Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

186
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

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Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
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Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
Interference occurs when competing memories hinder the retrieval of particular information. It can be classified into two types: proactive and retroactive interference. Proactive...
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Hindsight Biases01:12

Hindsight Biases

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Hindsight bias leads you to believe that the event you just experienced was predictable, even though it really wasn’t. In other words, you knew all along that things would turn out the way they did. Can you relate this to the phrase "Hindsight is 20/20" now? 
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Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

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Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
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Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory01:14

Role of Cerebellum and Prefrontal Cortex in Memory

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The cerebellum, while traditionally associated with motor control, also plays a crucial role in memory, particularly in procedural memory, which involves learning motor tasks that become automatic through repetition. For example, studies have shown that when the cerebellum is damaged, individuals or animals lose the ability to learn conditioned motor responses, such as the conditioned eye-blink response in classical conditioning experiments with rabbits. This study demonstrates the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats
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Testing for Metacognitive Responding Using an Odor-based Delayed Match-to-Sample Test in Rats

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Optimal metacognitive control of memory recall.

Frederick Callaway1, Thomas L Griffiths1, Kenneth A Norman1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Princeton University.

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|September 21, 2023
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Our memory judgments, or metamemory, accurately guide our search for information. This adaptive metacognition helps us efficiently retrieve strong memories and avoid futile searches.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Metacognition

Background:

  • Metamemory judgments, such as the feeling of knowing, often accurately predict recall success.
  • The adaptive function of metacognitive monitoring in memory retrieval remains an active area of research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an optimal model of how metacognitive monitoring dynamically informs metacognitive control of memory retrieval.
  • To investigate the adaptive role of the feeling of knowing in directing memory search efforts.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an optimal model for metacognitive monitoring and control in memory.
  • Conducted two experiments to test predictions derived from the optimal model.

Main Results:

  • Participants' feeling of knowing accurately reflected their likelihood of recalling information.
  • Individuals directed their memory search efforts based on their metamnemonic judgments, prioritizing stronger memories and ceasing searches unlikely to succeed.

Conclusions:

  • Metamemory, specifically the feeling of knowing, plays an adaptive role in optimizing memory retrieval.
  • Findings support process-level theories that integrate metacognitive monitoring and control.