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Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

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Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of...
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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Nephrotic Syndrome II : Assessment and Medical Management01:26

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IntroductionNephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder marked by excessive protein loss in the urine, leading to various systemic complications. This condition often results from damage to the glomeruli—the kidney's filtering units—causing proteinuria, low blood protein levels, and fluid retention. Understanding the assessment, diagnosis, and management of nephrotic syndrome is essential for effective treatment and prevention of further kidney damage.AssessmentPatient History: Document...
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) requires collaborative and comprehensive management. CKD progresses through stages and can lead to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) if untreated. Interprofessional collaboration and patient education are crucial, enabling patients to manage their health and improve their quality of life.Diagnostic approach for chronic kidney diseaseThe diagnosis of CKD primarily focuses on the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which assesses kidney function by measuring how well...
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Acute Kidney Injury IV: Diagnostic Studies and Prevention01:30

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Accurate diagnosis and effective prevention are critical in managing Acute Kidney Injury (AKI), which is linked to high mortality rates ranging from 10% to 80%. Timely recognition of at-risk patients and careful monitoring can significantly reduce the likelihood of kidney damage.Diagnostic Assessments:The diagnostic process starts with a comprehensive medical history to identify prerenal, intrarenal, and postrenal causes.Prerenal causes, such as dehydration, hypotension, or blood loss, should...
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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

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Antiphospholipid Syndrome and Kidney Involvement.

Emanuele De Simone1, Savino Sciascia2, Roberta Fenoglio2

  • 1University Center of Excellence on Nephrologic, Rheumatologic and Rare Diseases (ERK-net, ERN-Reconnect and RITA-ERN Member) Including the Nephrology and Dialysis Unit, Center of Immuno-Rheumatology and Rare Diseases (CMID), Coordinating Center of the Interregional Network for Rare Diseases of Piedmont and Aosta Valley (North-West Italy), Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, San Giovanni Bosco Hub Hospital-ASL Città di Torino, University of Turin, Turin, Italy, ema.desimone@gmail.com.

Kidney & Blood Pressure Research
|September 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disorder impacting kidney function, particularly APS nephropathy. Further research is crucial for understanding its mechanisms and developing targeted treatments for this challenging condition.

Keywords:
APS nephropathyAntiphospholipid syndromeKidney disease

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune condition affecting coagulation.
  • Kidney involvement, specifically APS nephropathy, remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge.
  • Increasing knowledge of APS highlights the need for further investigation into its renal manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current understanding of APS and its impact on kidney health.
  • To highlight the significance of APS nephropathy and the lack of recent research.
  • To discuss future perspectives and the need for multicenter studies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on APS and kidney involvement.
  • Analysis of current understanding of APS pathophysiology, including the complement system.
  • Discussion of clinical manifestations beyond thrombosis and obstetric complications.

Main Results:

  • APS can affect the kidneys through various mechanisms, with APS nephropathy being a notable but often overlooked entity.
  • The "two hit" model is a proposed mechanism for APS, with the complement system playing a clearer role.
  • Clinical symptoms beyond the diagnostic hallmarks of APS may lead to underdiagnosis.

Conclusions:

  • APS nephropathy requires further dedicated research and multicenter studies.
  • Targeted therapies for APS nephropathy are needed but currently lack sufficient evidence.
  • A comprehensive understanding of APS, including its renal implications, is essential for improved patient outcomes.