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Pulmonary Tuberculosis IV01:26

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Tuberculosis, more commonly referred to as TB, is an infectious disease stemming from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While it primarily impacts the lungs, TB can also affect other body areas. Given its severity and global impact, timely and accurate diagnosis is crucial for controlling its spread and improving patient outcomes.
Several diagnostic approaches are used to detect TB. The conventional method is the Tuberculin Skin Test (TST), also known as the Mantoux test. However, this method has...
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Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infection primarily affecting the lung parenchyma but which can also affect other body parts. TB can be classified based on disease development, presentation, and the affected anatomical site.
The first classification is based on the development of the disease, and it includes the following categories:
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis V01:28

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Medical management of tuberculosis (TB) patients involves a comprehensive approach that includes diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. The specific strategies can vary depending on the type of tuberculosis (latent or active), the patient's overall health status, and other considerations.
Latent tuberculosis infection occurs when TB bacteria are present in a person's body, but are not causing illness or symptoms. It is not contagious, and preventive treatment is crucial to avoid the...
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis II01:28

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Tuberculosis, or TB, is a bacterial infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. While its primary impact is on the lungs, leading to pulmonary tuberculosis, it can also affect various other organs, a condition referred to as extrapulmonary tuberculosis.
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Pulmonary Tuberculosis I01:29

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Tuberculosis, often called TB, is a contagious illness primarily caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It mainly affects the lung parenchyma but can also impact other body parts.
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
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Spinal Nerves: Anatomy01:23

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Spinal nerves are pivotal conduits in the nervous system, bridging the central nervous system (CNS) with the peripheral nervous system (PNS). These nerves enable a complex communication network between the brain, spinal cord, and the rest of the body, facilitating sensory input, motor output, and autonomic functions.
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Active tuberculosis of spine: Current updates.

Rajasekaran Shanmuganathan1, Karthik Ramachandran1, Ajoy Prasad Shetty1

  • 1Department of Spine Surgery, Ganga Medical Centre and Hospitals Pvt. Ltd., Mettupalayam Rd, Coimbatore, 641043 India.

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Summary

Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is rising globally, often affecting the spine. Early diagnosis and multidrug chemotherapy are key, but drug resistance poses a significant challenge to treatment.

Keywords:
Antitubercular therapyInstability scorePotts spineSpinal tuberculosisSpine at riskSpondylodiscitis

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics and Infectious Diseases
  • Spinal Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Management

Background:

  • Spinal tuberculosis (TB) is the most prevalent extrapulmonary TB form, with increasing incidence globally due to HIV, drug resistance, and migration.
  • It predominantly affects the lower thoracic and thoracolumbar spine, constituting 50% of all musculoskeletal tuberculosis cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review the diagnosis, epidemiology, etiology, management, and surgical treatment of spinal tuberculosis.
  • To analyze recent advancements and challenges in treating this condition.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature search was conducted using Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, EMBASE, and PubMed.
  • Studies published within the last 10 years were analyzed using specific Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms related to spinal TB.

Main Results:

  • Hallmarks include progressive collapse, kyphosis, and neurological deficits due to vertebral and disc destruction.
  • Diagnosis relies on imaging and lab tests, with tissue diagnosis (cultures, histology, PCR) as the gold standard.
  • Uncomplicated spinal TB is treatable with multidrug chemotherapy; surgery is indicated for instability, neurological impairment, or deformity.

Conclusions:

  • Early diagnosis and treatment of spinal TB yield satisfactory clinical outcomes.
  • Emergence of drug resistance is a major obstacle to the 'End TB strategy', necessitating strict adherence to treatment protocols.