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$X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples$ 01:10

X-ray Diffraction of Biological Samples

X-ray diffraction or XRD is an analytical tool that utilizes X-rays to study ordered structures such as crystalline organic and inorganic samples, polycrystalline materials, proteins, carbohydrates, and drugs.
According to Bragg's law, when X-rays strike the sample positioned on a stage, the rays are scattered by the electron clouds around the sample atoms. The X-ray diffraction or scattering is caused by constructive interference of the X-ray waves that reflect off the internal...

X-ray Crystallography

X-ray Crystallography

The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...

Studying the Cytoskeleton

Studying the Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeletal architecture can be studied using different microscopic and biochemical techniques. Electron microscopy was instrumental in discovering the cytoskeletal architecture around the 1960s, which allowed obtaining structural information at a high-resolution level. However, the sample preparation procedure often limits this ability in biological samples. Several protocols have been developed over the years to optimize sample preparation. In one of the protocols known as rotary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Insight into structural biophysics from solution X-ray scattering.

Uri Raviv¹, Roi Asor², Asaf Shemesh²

¹Institute of Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel; The Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel.

Journal of Structural Biology

|September 23, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Modern synchrotron X-ray scattering provides crucial data for solving complex biological structures and dynamics. Advanced analysis methods are key to understanding self-assembled molecular complexes.

Keywords:

SAXS Self-assembly Time-resolved SAXS WAXS

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Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Structural Studies of Macromolecules in Solution using Small Angle X-Ray Scattering

Published on: November 5, 2018

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

Combining X-Ray Crystallography with Small Angle X-Ray Scattering to Model Unstructured Regions of Nsa1 from S. Cerevisiae

Published on: January 10, 2018

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Small and Wide Angle X-Ray Scattering Studies of Biological Macromolecules in Solution

Published on: January 8, 2013

Area of Science:

Structural biology
Biophysics
Biochemistry

Background:

Current challenges in structural biophysics involve large self-assembled complexes, structural ensembles, and dynamic formation pathways.
Traditional methods like X-ray crystallography, NMR, and cryo-TEM have limitations for certain complex biological systems.

Approach:

Utilizes modern synchrotron solution X-ray scattering data for high-spatial and high-temporal resolution.
Integrates simulations, theory, and advanced X-ray scattering modeling for comprehensive analysis.
Leverages numerous analysis tools available through the SAS Portal.

Key Points:

Solution X-ray scattering offers complementary data to other structural biology techniques.
Advanced analysis provides unique insights into the structure, energetics, and dynamics of self-assembled complexes.
Enables understanding of physical chemistry principles governing supramolecular assembly.

Conclusions:

Synchrotron solution X-ray scattering is vital for addressing key challenges in structural biophysics.
Advanced computational and theoretical integration enhances structural determination and refinement.
This approach is essential for deciphering the formation and function of complex biological structures.