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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
Frailty and Its Implications in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: Impact on Prognosis and Treatment
Khawaja M Talha1, Stephen J Greene2, Javed Butler3
1Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA.
Abstract:
Frailty affects half of all patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and carries a ∼2-fold increased risk of mortality. The relationship between frailty and HFrEF is bidirectional, with one condition exacerbating the other. Paradoxical to their higher clinical risk, frail patients with HFrEF are more often under-treated due to concerns over medication-related adverse clinical events. However, current evidence suggests consistent safety of HF medical therapies among older frail patients with HFrEF. A multidisciplinary effort is necessary for the appropriate management of these high-risk patients which focuses on the optimization of known beneficial therapies with a goal-directed effort toward improving quality of life.
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