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Related Concept Videos

Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

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Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Oppositional Defiant Disorder01:30

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

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A persistent pattern of angry or irritable mood, defiant behavior, or vindictiveness characterizes Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD). Symptoms must occur over at least six months, involve interactions with individuals beyond siblings, and meet specific diagnostic criteria to be clinically significant. The disorder affects emotional regulation, social interactions, and behavior, often manifesting early in life and influencing long-term development and functioning.
Diagnostic Criteria and...
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Language and Cognition01:27

Language and Cognition

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Language serves as a bridge between ideas and communication, influencing how individuals perceive and interact with the world. Psychologists have long debated whether language shapes thought or vice versa. This discussion gained grip with Edward Sapir and Benjamin Lee Whorf in the 1940s, who proposed that language determines thought, a concept known as linguistic determinism. They suggested that the vocabulary and structure of a language influence how its speakers think and perceive reality.
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Conduct Disorder01:28

Conduct Disorder

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Conduct disorder is a complex mental health diagnosis characterized by a repetitive and persistent pattern of behavior that violates societal norms, the rights of others, or age-appropriate rules. The diagnostic criteria for conduct disorder require the presence of at least three problematic behaviors within the past 12 months, with at least one occurring in the past six months. These behaviors are grouped into four categories: aggression toward people and animals; destruction of property;...
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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder01:30

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

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Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. It affects approximately 5-8% of children globally, with around 60-70% of cases persisting into adulthood. ADHD has significant implications for educational attainment, social interactions, and occupational success.
Diagnostic Criteria and Symptoms
To diagnose ADHD, symptoms must manifest before age 12 and be evident across multiple settings....
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
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Do parent-reported early indicators predict later developmental language disorder? A Raine Study investigation.

Samuel D Calder1, Mark Boyes2,3, Christopher G Brennan-Jones4,5

  • 1Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, TAS, Australia.

International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Parent-reported early indicators do not reliably predict developmental language disorder (DLD) in children. This study found no single indicator or combination predicted DLD at age 10, suggesting current methods may need refinement for accurate early identification.

Keywords:
developmental language disorderearly identificationthe Raine study

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Area of Science:

  • Child development
  • Neurodevelopmental disorders
  • Speech and language pathology

Background:

  • Developmental language disorder (DLD) is a common neurodevelopmental condition, but early identification is challenging due to variable language development in young children.
  • Caregivers are often empowered with early indicators by regulatory bodies to aid in DLD identification.
  • Existing methods for early DLD identification rely on parent-reported indicators, which may have limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive relationship between parent-reported early indicators and the likelihood of children meeting DLD diagnostic criteria at age 10.
  • To assess if a cumulative risk index of early indicators or sex moderates DLD diagnosis.
  • To evaluate the effectiveness of current early identification strategies for DLD.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized data from the prospective Raine Study, including 1626 children (104 with DLD, 1522 without).
  • Transformed data into 11 predictor variables reflecting early DLD indicators from birth to 3 years, including communication milestones and family history.
  • Planned regression analyses to examine the predictive power of these indicators on DLD diagnosis at age 10.

Main Results:

  • No single parent-reported early indicator significantly predicted DLD at age 10.
  • A cumulative risk index of combined predictors did not significantly predict DLD (OR = 0.95, CI = 0.85-1.09, p = 0.447).
  • Sex did not significantly moderate the risk of DLD at age 10 (OR = 0.89, CI = 0.59-1.32, p = 0.563).

Conclusions:

  • Parent reports of early DLD indicators are widely used but may not reliably identify children at risk.
  • The Raine Study data suggest potential retrospective reporting bias in previous studies.
  • Clinical implications indicate that 'red flags' alone may be insufficient; combining them with linguistic assessments and functional impact evaluations is recommended for effective DLD identification and intervention.