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Related Concept Videos

Oxidations of Aldehydes and Ketones to Carboxylic Acids01:15

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Oxidation of aldehydes and ketones results in the formation of carboxylic acids. Aldehydes, bearing hydrogen next to the carbonyl group, are easily oxidized compared to ketones. This is because an aldehydic proton can easily be abstracted during oxidation.
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Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...
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Ethers represent a class of chemical compounds that become more dangerous with prolonged storage because they tend to form explosive peroxides when standing in the air. Autoxidation is the spontaneous oxidation of a compound in air. In the presence of oxygen, ethers slowly oxidize to form hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides.
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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Synthesis of Indoxyl-glycosides for Detection of Glycosidase Activities
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Glyoxal.

Lillian C Becker1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito3

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|September 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Glyoxal is safe for nail products at concentrations up to 1.25%. However, safety data is insufficient for other cosmetic applications, according to the Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety.

Keywords:
CosmeticsGlyoxalSafety

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety previously assessed Glyoxal in 2000.
  • New data on product types, usage frequency, and concentrations have become available since the initial assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the safety of Glyoxal in cosmetic products based on updated information.
  • To determine safe usage concentrations and applications for Glyoxal.

Main Methods:

  • Review of updated scientific literature and safety data.
  • Analysis of current cosmetic product formulations and usage patterns.
  • Expert panel assessment of Glyoxal's safety profile.

Main Results:

  • Glyoxal is confirmed safe for cosmetic use in nail products at concentrations up to 1.25%.
  • Available data are insufficient to establish safety for cosmetic applications beyond nail products.

Conclusions:

  • The safety of Glyoxal in nail products is reaffirmed at specified concentrations.
  • Further research is required to support the safety of Glyoxal for other cosmetic uses.