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RxLR Effectors: Master Modulators, Modifiers and Manipulators.

Shumei Wang1, Hazel McLellan2, Petra C Boevink3

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA, U.S.A.

Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions : MPMI
|September 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oomycete pathogens utilize Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) effectors to manipulate host immunity and processes. Understanding RxLR effector-host interactions can lead to strategies for crop protection against pathogens like Phytophthora.

Keywords:
RxLR and EER motifseffector targetseffector-triggered susceptibilityoomycetesusceptibility factor

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Area of Science:

  • Plant-pathogen interactions
  • Molecular plant pathology
  • Oomycete biology

Background:

  • Oomycete pathogens employ cytoplasmic effectors with an Arg-any amino acid-Arg-Leu (RxLR) motif.
  • These RxLR effectors target diverse host proteins, manipulating cellular processes like transcription, post-translational modifications, and trafficking.
  • Approximately 50% of targeted host proteins are negative regulators of plant immunity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of RxLR effector evolution, function, and recognition.
  • To explore the diverse modes of action of RxLR effectors on host targets.
  • To discuss the potential for exploiting RxLR effector-host interactions for crop protection.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on RxLR effectors.
  • Analysis of effector-target interactions and their impact on host processes.
  • Examination of plant immune receptor recognition of RxLR effectors.

Main Results:

  • RxLR effectors exhibit varied modes of action, including protein stabilization/destabilization, complex alteration, enzyme activity modulation, and relocalization.
  • Avirulence RxLR effectors can be recognized by nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) proteins, offering potential for broad crop protection.
  • Host range is influenced by the failure of RxLR effectors to interact with or manipulate targets in nonhost plants.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge of RxLR effectors and their targets can be leveraged to engineer resistance in crops by altering host targets.
  • Direct NLR recognition of conserved RxLR effectors presents a promising avenue for durable crop immunity.
  • Recent findings suggest RxLR effectors may enter host cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis.