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Related Concept Videos

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Alkylation of β-Diester Enolates: Malonic Ester Synthesis01:14

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Malonic ester synthesis is a method to obtain α substituted carboxylic acids from ꞵ-diesters such as diethyl malonate and alkyl halides.
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Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization01:13

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Dieckmann cyclization is an intramolecular Claisen condensation of diesters. The reaction occurs in the presence of a base and generates a cyclic β-ketoester as the final product. Commonly, 1, 6 and 1, 7-diesters are preferred substrates for the reaction since the generated five, and six-membered cyclic β-keto esters are particularly more stable.
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Oxidation of Alkenes: Anti Dihydroxylation with Peroxy Acids02:04

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Diols are compounds with two hydroxyl groups. In addition to syn dihydroxylation, diols can also be synthesized through the process of anti dihydroxylation. The process involves treating an alkene with a peroxycarboxylic acid to form an epoxide. Epoxides are highly strained three-membered rings with oxygen and two carbons occupying the corners of an equilateral triangle. This step is followed by ring-opening of the epoxide in the presence of an aqueous acid to give a trans diol.
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Diels–Alder Reaction Forming Bridged Bicyclic Products: Stereochemistry01:29

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Diels–Alder reactions between cyclic dienes locked in an s-cis configuration and dienophiles yield bridged bicyclic products.
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Crossed Claisen condensations are base-promoted reactions between two different ester molecules producing β-dicarbonyl compounds.  The reaction involving esters, with both containing α hydrogen, results in a mixture of four different products that are difficult to isolate. This reduces the synthetic utility of the reaction.
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Highly Stereoselective Synthesis of 1,6-Ketoesters Mediated by Ionic Liquids: A Three-component Reaction Enabling Rapid Access to a New Class of Low Molecular Weight Gelators
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Glyceryl Diesters.

Preethi S Raj1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|September 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety confirmed 17 glyceryl diesters are safe for cosmetic use. This safety assessment considered new studies and updated product usage information.

Keywords:
CosmeticsGlyceryl DiarachidateGlyceryl DibehenateGlyceryl DierucateGlyceryl DihydroxystearateGlyceryl DiisopalmitateGlyceryl DiisostearateGlyceryl DilaurateGlyceryl DilinoleateGlyceryl DioleateGlyceryl DipalmitateGlyceryl DipalmitoleateGlyceryl DiricinoleateGlyceryl DistearateGlyceryl Palmitate LactateGlyceryl Stearate CitrateGlyceryl Stearate LactateGlyceryl Stearate SuccinateSafety

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • Glyceryl diesters are commonly used in cosmetic formulations.
  • Previous safety assessments were conducted in 2002.
  • Updated data on product types and concentrations are crucial for re-evaluation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reassess the safety of 17 glyceryl diesters as cosmetic ingredients.
  • To incorporate newly available scientific studies into the safety review.
  • To evaluate current product types and concentrations of use for these ingredients.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newly available scientific literature post-2002.
  • Analysis of updated information on cosmetic product types.
  • Assessment of current usage concentrations for glyceryl diesters.

Main Results:

  • The Expert Panel reviewed updated safety data.
  • Consideration of current cosmetic product formulations and ingredient concentrations.
  • Confirmation of safety based on the reviewed evidence.

Conclusions:

  • The 17 glyceryl diesters are safe for use in cosmetic products.
  • Safety is confirmed at the practices of use and concentrations detailed in the report.
  • The Expert Panel's findings support the continued use of these ingredients.