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Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

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Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
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Radical Autoxidation01:20

Radical Autoxidation

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The oxidation of an organic compound in the presence of air or oxygen is called autoxidation. For example, cumene reacts with oxygen to form hydroperoxide. Autoxidation involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. Many organic compounds are susceptible to autoxidation—especially ethers in the presence of oxygen, which form hydroperoxides. Even though this reaction is slow, old ether bottles contain small amounts of peroxide, which leads to laboratory explosions during ether...
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Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation01:11

Reactions at the Benzylic Position: Halogenation

2.6K
Benzylic halogenation takes place under conditions that favor radical reactions such as heat, light, or a free radical initiator like peroxide.
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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes03:08

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

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In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.
8.3K
Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

2.7K
The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
2.7K
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

5.8K
The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
5.8K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Profiling the Triacylglyceride Contents in Bat Integumentary Lipids by Preparative Thin Layer Chromatography and MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
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BHT - Butylated Hydroxytoluene.

Christina Burnett1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|September 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reaffirmed that Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is safe for cosmetic use. Updated reviews confirm its safety in current product types, concentrations, and usage patterns.

Keywords:
Butylated HydroxytolueneCosmeticsSafety

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Toxicology
  • Dermatology

Background:

  • The safety of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as a cosmetic ingredient was previously assessed in 2002.
  • Updated scientific information and usage data have become available since the initial review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review updated information on BHT, including product types, frequency, and concentrations of use.
  • To reassess the safety of BHT as a cosmetic ingredient based on current data.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of updated scientific literature and industry-reported usage data.
  • Evaluation of Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) by the Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety.

Main Results:

  • Updated information regarding product types, frequency, and concentrations of BHT use was considered.
  • The Expert Panel analyzed new data in conjunction with the original assessment.

Conclusions:

  • The Expert Panel reaffirmed that Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is safe as a cosmetic ingredient.
  • Safety is confirmed within the specific practices of use and concentration levels detailed in the report.