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Related Concept Videos

Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

3.1K
Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Gene-Environment Interactions01:20

Gene-Environment Interactions

346
Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Background and Environment Affect Phenotype02:27

Background and Environment Affect Phenotype

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Although the genetic makeup of an organism plays a major role in determining the phenotype, there are also several environmental factors, such as temperature, oxygen availability, presence of mutagens, that can alter an organism’s phenotype.
An example of how genetic background affects phenotype can be seen in horses. The Extension gene in horses is responsible for their coat color. A wild-type gene (EE) produces black pigment in the coat, while a mutant gene (ee) produces red pigment. A...
6.6K
Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Transcription01:10

Transcription

147.1K
Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in the proper synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA). Regulation of transcription is responsible for the differentiation of all the different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds...
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Environmental Applications of Microorganisms01:30

Environmental Applications of Microorganisms

46
Microorganisms play a pivotal role in maintaining ecosystem balance by recycling essential elements such as carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus, as well as supporting processes like bioremediation, wastewater treatment, and biofuel production.Microbes in Elemental CyclesIn the carbon cycle, microorganisms decompose organic matter, releasing carbon dioxide via aerobic respiration. This carbon dioxide is subsequently used by photosynthetic organisms to synthesize organic compounds, closing the...
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Analyzing Gene Expression from Marine Microbial Communities using Environmental Transcriptomics
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Environmental Epigenomes.

Bambarendage P U Perera1, Frédéric Silvestre2

  • 1Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.

Epigenomes
|September 27, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Environmental factors impact the epigenome, influencing gene expression and organismal traits. These epigenetic changes, particularly DNA methylation, can have lasting effects on individual health and multi-generational evolution.

Keywords:
DNA methylationbiomarkersbreast cancercardiometabolic healthecoepigeneticsenvironmental epigeneticspopulation epigeneticstoxicoepigeneticstoxicology

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental epigenetics explores how external factors influence heritable gene function changes without altering DNA sequence.
  • Focuses on mechanisms like DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs.

Background:

  • Epigenetics research has expanded to include environmental biology, investigating how stressors affect organisms.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms are crucial for understanding adaptation and evolution in changing environments.

Discussion:

  • Environmental cues trigger epigenetic modifications, leading to phenotypic changes (morphological, physiological, behavioral).
  • DNA methylation (DNAm) is a key focus, examining its role in response to the exposome and across generations.

Key Insights:

  • DNA methylation serves as a potential biomarker for early-life cardiometabolic risk.
  • DNA methylation variation is observed within natural animal populations.
  • Epigenetic mechanisms operate even in genetically uniform organisms.

Outlook:

  • Environmental changes induce persistent epigenetic effects on individual disease risk.
  • Multi-generational epigenetic impacts play a significant role in evolutionary processes.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the interplay between environment, epigenome, and evolution.