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Nonribosomal Peptide Synthetases in Animals.

Wouter Suring1,2, Dylan Hoogduin1, Giang Le Ngoc1,3

  • 1A-LIFE Ecology and Evolution, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1087, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

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|September 28, 2023
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Summary

Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are enzymes found more often in animals than previously thought. This study reveals their widespread presence across diverse animal phyla, including rotifers and nematodes.

Keywords:
MetazoaNRPSanimalsbeta-lactamdistributionevolutionnonribosomalpeptidephylogenysynthetase

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are crucial enzymes for synthesizing bioactive compounds like antibiotics and siderophores.
  • While common in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, NRPSs were considered rare in animals.
  • Recent discoveries in nematodes, schistosomes, and arthropods prompted a broader investigation into animal NRPS prevalence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the prevalence and distribution of NRPS genes across the animal kingdom.
  • To understand the evolutionary relationships of animal NRPSs.
  • To identify specific NRPSs and their potential roles in animal biochemistry.

Main Methods:

  • Screened 1059 animal genome sequences.
  • Performed phylogenetic analysis of identified NRPS genes.
  • Analyzed domain architectures and predicted substrates of NRPSs.

Main Results:

  • NRPS genes were found in 7 out of 19 analyzed animal phyla, indicating a broader distribution than previously known.
  • Phylogenetic analysis confirmed NRPSs form distinct clades separate from similar enzymes like fatty acid synthases.
  • NRPSs are particularly abundant in rotifers and nematodes, with diverse domain architectures observed in rotifers.
  • Specific beta-lactam biosynthesis genes were identified in the nematode *Plectus sambesii* and some Collembola species.

Conclusions:

  • Animal NRPS genes are more abundant and widespread than previously recognized.
  • The scattered distribution of NRPSs across animal phyla highlights their diverse evolutionary history.
  • The presence of beta-lactam biosynthesis genes in certain invertebrates suggests novel roles and potential for antibiotic production.