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Solvents01:12

Solvents

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A solvent is a substance, most often a liquid, that can dissolve other substances. Here, the substance being dissolved is called a solute. When a solvent and a solute combine, they form a solution - a homogenous mixture of both the solvent and the solute. Water is a universal biological solvent. Its polar structure allows it to dissolve many other polar compounds. The ability of water to dissolve is governed by a balance between water molecules binding to each other and binding to the solute.
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Endospores are specialized, dormant cells primarily formed by Gram-positive bacteria, including Bacillus and Clostridium, enabling survival under extreme environmental conditions. Due to their unique composition and formation process, these structures are highly resistant to physical and chemical insults, such as extreme heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, desiccation, and toxic chemicals. Rare instances of endospore-like structures have also been observed in some Gram-negative bacteria,...
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Firmicutes is a diverse phylum of Gram-positive bacteria characterized by a low GC content in their genomes. This phylum includes organisms with monoderm or diderm cell envelopes, highlighting a complex evolutionary history. Firmicutes comprises several major orders, including Lactobacillales, Clostridiales, and Bacillales, which exhibit remarkable diversity in their morphology, metabolism, and ecological roles.The order Lactobacillales includes lactic acid bacteria, which are fermentative...
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Coryneform bacteria are gram-positive, aerobic, nonmotile rods that exhibit irregular, club-shaped, or V-shaped arrangements. Their V-shape results from snapping division, where the inner cell wall layer forms the cross-wall, while the outer layer remains intact until it ruptures on one side, causing the daughter cells to bend away.The primary genera are Corynebacterium and Arthrobacter. Corynebacterium includes diverse species, ranging from saprophytes to pathogens like Corynebacterium...
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Solvent-Producing Clostridia Revisited.

David T Jones1, Frederik Schulz2, Simon Roux2

  • 1Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9010, New Zealand.

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|September 28, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Solvent-producing clostridia, crucial for Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) fermentation, are reexamined. New genomic data reveal widespread R-type tailocins in these bacteria, impacting their industrial applications.

Keywords:
Solvent-producing Clostridiumacetone butanol fermentationbiobutanolphylogeny and phylogenomicsprophagestailocins

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Solvent-producing clostridia are industrially significant for Acetone Butanol Ethanol (ABE) fermentation.
  • There is a renewed interest in biobutanol production using these microorganisms.
  • Over 300 fully sequenced genomes are available, including 270 from the David Jones culture collection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current status of solvent-producing clostridia.
  • To analyze genomic data for comparative genomics and phylogenetic insights.
  • To investigate prophages and novel R-type tailocins in these bacteria.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature and genomic databases.
  • Comparative genomic and phylogenetic analysis.
  • Survey and analysis of resident prophages and tailocins.

Main Results:

  • An expanded genomic database aids analysis, with a provided conversion table for DJ codes.
  • Comparative phylogenomics reveal common features, molecular taxonomy, and phylogeny.
  • Novel R-type tailocins were discovered and found in all 12 investigated clostridial species.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic resources have advanced the understanding of solvent-producing clostridia.
  • R-type tailocins, previously thought rare in clostridia, appear widespread.
  • This finding has implications for the industrial use and genetic manipulation of these bacteria.