Utilizing Low-Cost Sensors to Monitor Indoor Air Quality in Mongolian Gers

Air quality has important climate and health effects. There is a need, therefore, to monitor air quality both indoors and outdoors. Methods of measuring air quality should be cost-effective if they are to be used widely, and one such method is low-cost sensors (LCS). This study reports on the use of LCSs in Ulaanbataar, Mongolia to measure PM_2.5 concentrations inside yurts or "gers". Some of these gers were part of a non-government agency (NGO) initiative to improve insulating properties of these housing structures. The goal of the NGO was to decrease particulate emissions inside the gers; a secondary result was to lower the use of coal and other biomass material. LCSs were installed in gers heated primarily by coal, and interior air quality was measured. Gers that were modified by increasing their insulating capacities showed a 17.5% reduction in PM_2.5 concentrations, but this is still higher than recommended by health organizations. Gers that were insulated and used a combination of both coal and electricity showed a 19.1% reduction in PM_2.5 concentrations. Insulated gers that used electricity for both heating and cooking showed a 48% reduction in PM_2.5 but still had higher concentrations of PM_2.5 that were 6.4 times higher than recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). Nighttime and daytime trends followed similar patterns and trends in PM_2.5 concentrations with slight variations. It was found that at nighttime the outside PM_2.5 concentrations were generally higher than the inside concentrations of the gers in this study, meaning that PM_2.5 would flow into the ger whenever the doors were opened, causing spikes in PM_2.5 concentrations.