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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

780
An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
780
Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:26

Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

253
Inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is the common plasma source used in atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), a technique that detects and analyzes various elements in a sample. This method is often called inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES).
There are three main types of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy  (ICP-AES) instruments: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments, with the latter being less commonly used....
253
Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II01:19

Gas Chromatography: Types of Detectors-II

413
In gas chromatography, different detectors are employed to meet specific analytical needs. These detectors are often categorized based on their detection mechanisms and the types of compounds they are best suited to analyze. Thermal Conductivity Detectors (TCD), Flame Ionization Detectors (FID), and Electron Capture Detectors (ECD) represent common categories, each with unique operating principles and applications. However, beyond these, several other detectors are designed for more specialized...
413
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods

559
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
559
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

517
The instrumentation of atomic emission spectrometry (AES) involves various components, including atomization devices that convert samples into gas-phase atoms and ions. There are two main types of atomization devices: continuous and discrete atomizers.  Continuous atomizers, like plasmas and flames, introduce samples in a constant stream, while discrete atomizers inject individual samples using syringes or autosamplers. The most common discrete atomizer is the electrothermal atomizer.
517
Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab01:29

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Lab

194
AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...
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Three-dimensional Optical-resolution Photoacoustic Microscopy
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Quartz-Enhanced Photoacoustic Spectroscopy Assisted by Partial Least-Squares Regression for Multi-Gas Measurements.

Andreas N Rasmussen1, Benjamin L Thomsen1, Jesper B Christensen1

  • 1Danish Fundamental Metrology, Kogle Allé 5, 2970 Hørsholm, Denmark.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|September 28, 2023
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Summary

Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) combined with partial least-squares regression (PLS) accurately detects multiple gases simultaneously. This method effectively quantifies individual gas concentrations even with overlapping spectra.

Keywords:
MIR lasersammoniaenvironmental sensorsgas spectroscopyhumiditymachine learning techniquemethaneopticspartial least-squares regressionphotoacoustics

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Area of Science:

  • Spectroscopy
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Environmental Monitoring

Background:

  • Accurate multi-gas detection is crucial for environmental monitoring and industrial processes.
  • Overlapping absorption spectra pose a significant challenge in traditional gas spectroscopy.
  • Quartz-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) offers high sensitivity for gas analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of QEPAS coupled with partial least-squares regression (PLS) for simultaneous multi-gas detection.
  • To address the challenge of spectral overlap in gas mixtures.
  • To quantify concentrations of water (H2O), ammonia (NH3), and methane (CH4) in real-time.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a mid-infrared (MIR) optical parametric oscillator (OPO) light source for QEPAS measurements.
  • Collected photoacoustic spectra of gas mixtures in the mid-infrared range.
  • Employed partial least-squares regression (PLS) with HITRAN and experimental reference spectra for data analysis.

Main Results:

  • Achieved relative accuracy within a few percent for individual gas concentration determination in mixtures.
  • Demonstrated absolute sensitivities of approximately 300 ppm/V for H2O, 50 ppm/V for NH3, and 5 ppm/V for CH4.
  • Validated the PLS method for accurate quantification despite significant spectral overlap.

Conclusions:

  • QEPAS combined with PLS is a robust technique for multi-gas detection, even with highly overlapping spectra.
  • This approach is suitable for real-world applications requiring precise quantification of individual gas components.
  • The study provides a proof-of-concept for advanced spectral deconvolution in gas sensing.