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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

4.9K
Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
4.9K
Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

4.8K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
4.8K
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

6.1K
Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
6.1K
Solubility03:00

Solubility

17.5K
Solution, Solubility, and Solubility Equilibrium
A solution is a homogeneous mixture composed of a solvent, the major component, and a solute, the minor component. The physical state of a solution—solid, liquid, or gas—is typically the same as that of the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
In a solution, the solute particles (molecules,...
17.5K
Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

6.3K
Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
6.3K
Colloids03:22

Colloids

17.6K
Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...
17.6K

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Hydrophobic Salt-modified Nafion for Enzyme Immobilization and Stabilization
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Sodium α-Olefin Sulfonates.

Lillian C Becker1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|September 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed new studies on sodium alpha-olefin sulfonates. They confirmed these ingredients are safe for cosmetic use at described concentrations.

Keywords:
Sodium C12-14 Olefin SulfonateSodium C14-16 Olefin SulfonateSodium C14-18 Olefin SulfonateSodium C16-18 Olefin SulfonateSodium α-Olefin Sulfonates

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) are anionic surfactants used in cosmetic products.
  • Previous safety assessments were conducted in 1998.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the safety of sodium alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) in cosmetics.
  • To consider newly available scientific data and updated usage information.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newly available scientific studies.
  • Analysis of updated product types and concentrations of use for AOS.

Main Results:

  • The Expert Panel reviewed updated safety data for AOS.
  • Confirmed safety of AOS based on current practices and concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Sodium alpha-olefin sulfonates (AOS) are safe as cosmetic ingredients.
  • Current usage concentrations and practices are supported by safety data.