A critical review on graphene and graphene-based derivatives from natural sources emphasizing on CO₂ adsorption...

Accelerated release of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere has become a critical environmental issue, and therefore, efficient methods for capturing CO₂ are in high demand. Graphene and graphene-based derivatives have demonstrated promising potential as adsorbents due to their unique properties. This review aims to provide an overview of the latest research on graphene and its derivatives fabricated from natural sources which have been utilized and may be explored for CO₂ adsorption. The necessity of this review lies in the need to explore alternative, sustainable sources of graphene that can contribute to the development of viable environmentally benign CO₂ capture technologies. The review will aim to highlight graphene as an excellent CO₂ adsorbent and the possible avenues, advantages, and limitations of the processes involved in fabricating graphene and its derivatives sourced from both industrial resources and organic waste-based naturally occurring carbon precursors for CO₂ adsorption. This review will also highlight the CO₂ adsorption mechanisms focusing on density functional theory (DFT) and molecular dynamics (MD)-based studies over the last decade.