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    This study provides design guidelines for augmented reality (AR) visual cues. Optimized auxiliary models improve component localization accuracy and user experience compared to 3D arrows.

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    Area of Science:

    • Human-Computer Interaction
    • Augmented Reality
    • User Experience Design

    Background:

    • Augmented Reality (AR) content creation and management remain challenges for widespread adoption.
    • Effective AR interfaces for procedural tasks rely on chunking instructions and optimized visual cues, but rationales are often missing.
    • Localizing in-view, non-occluded components is crucial for technical documentation in AR.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To establish design guidelines for auxiliary models used in AR for component localization.
    • To investigate the influence of auxiliary model design on localization performance and user experience.
    • To address the ambiguity issues associated with 3D arrows in AR component localization.

    Main Methods:

    • Two user studies were conducted to gather data on user preferences and performance.
    • Study 1: 45 users provided preferences on auxiliary model shape, color, and animation for various component shapes.
    • Study 2: 24 users validated the derived guidelines, evaluating localization time, recognition accuracy, and user experience.

    Main Results:

    • Guidelines for designing optimized auxiliary models were defined based on component shapes.
    • The developed guidelines led to improved recognition accuracy and user experience.
    • Auxiliary models designed according to the guidelines outperformed traditional 3D arrows.

    Conclusions:

    • Tailored auxiliary models significantly enhance the effectiveness of AR for procedural tasks.
    • The proposed design guidelines offer a data-driven approach to optimizing AR visual cues for component localization.
    • This research contributes to more intuitive and efficient AR technical documentation.