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Related Concept Videos

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps01:34

ATP Driven Pumps II: P-type Pumps

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The P-type pumps are a large family of integral membrane transporter ATPases. They are divided into five major types based on substrate specificity, from I to V.
A typical P-type pump has three cytosolic domains: nucleotide-binding (N), phosphorylation (P), and activator (A) domains. These domains are connected to the membrane-spanning helices by short amino acid segments. ATP hydrolysis and covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate formation are crucial parts of the catalytic cycle. At the highly...
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Primary Active Transport01:29

Primary Active Transport

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In contrast to passive transport, active transport involves a substance being moved through membranes in a direction against its concentration or electrochemical gradient. There are two types of active transport: primary active transport and secondary active transport. Primary active transport utilizes chemical energy from ATP to drive protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane. With energy from ATP, the pumps transport ions against their electrochemical gradients—a direction they would...
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ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps01:30

ATP Driven Pumps III: V-type Pumps

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V-type pumps are ATP-driven pumps found in the vacuolar membranes of plants, yeast, endosomal and lysosomal membranes of animal cells, plasma membranes of a few specialized eukaryotic cells, and some prokaryotes. They are also known as the V1Vo-ATPase, that couple ATP hydrolysis to transport protons against a concentration gradient.
The peripheral or cytosolic V1 domain with eight subunits is involved in ATP hydrolysis. The integral or transmembrane V0 domain containing at least five subunits...
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ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview01:27

ATP Driven Pumps I: An Overview

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ATP-driven pumps, also known as transport ATPases, are integral membrane proteins. They have binding sites for ATP located on the membrane's cytosolic side and the ion-conducting domain in the transmembrane region. These pumps use the free energy released from ATP hydrolysis to move the solutes across cell membranes against an electrochemical gradient.
There are four main types of ATP-driven pumps - P-type, V-type, F-type, and ABC transporter. All these pumps are of varying complexities and...
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Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

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Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...
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Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

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One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
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Membrane Transport Processes Analyzed by a Highly Parallel Nanopore Chip System at Single Protein Resolution
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Turning catalytically active pores into active pumps.

G C Antunes1, P Malgaretti1, J Harting1,2

  • 1Helmholtz-Institut Erlangen-Nürnberg für Erneuerbare Energien (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauer Str. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|October 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Active pores can act as micropumps due to symmetry breaking. This study reveals that pore asymmetry and solute reaction times control pumping transitions and flow rates in these active transport systems.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Active pores exhibit self-diffusioosmotic transport, involving advection and solute consumption.
  • Previous work demonstrated spontaneous symmetry breaking in symmetric pores, enabling micropumping.
  • Understanding the dynamics of active pores is crucial for designing microfluidic devices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the control mechanisms of pumping transitions in active pores.
  • To explore the role of pore asymmetry and solute reaction timescales on transport dynamics.
  • To demonstrate how pore shape and catalytic patterning influence active pore performance.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a semi-analytical model for self-diffusioosmotic transport.
  • Analysis of advective and diffusive transport timescales.
  • Modeling of inverse chemical reactions consuming solute within the pore.
  • Investigation of pore asymmetry effects on flow rate and transition behavior.

Main Results:

  • Pumping transition in symmetric pores is governed by three timescales: advection, diffusion, and solute residence time.
  • Pore asymmetry introduces a second advection-enabled transition.
  • Asymmetric pores exhibit discontinuous jumps and hysteresis in flow rate with parameter tuning.

Conclusions:

  • Pore shape and catalytic patterning are interconnected factors in active pore dynamics.
  • The study provides insights into designing active pores for optimized pumping performance.
  • This research advances the understanding of microfluidic transport phenomena in active systems.