Prostaglandins as local regulators of ovarian physiology in ruminants

Prostaglandins are synthesized from arachidonic acid through the catalytic activities of cyclooxygenase, while the production of different prostaglandin types, prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE), are regulated by specific prostaglandin synthases (PGFS and PGES). Prostaglandin ligands (PGF and PGE) bind to specific high-affinity receptors and initiate biologically distinct signalling pathways. In the ovaries, prostaglandins are known to be important endocrine regulators of female reproduction, in addition to maintaining local function through autocrine and/or paracrine effect. Many research groups in different animal species have already identified a variety of factors and molecular mechanisms that are responsible for the regulation of prostaglandin functions. In addition, prostaglandins stimulate their intrafollicular and intraluteal production via the pathway of prostaglandin self-regulation in the ovary. Therefore, the objective of the review article is to discuss recent findings about local regulation patterns of prostaglandin ligands PGF and PGE during different physiological stages of ovarian function in domestic ruminants, especially in bovine. In conclusion, the discussed local regulation mechanisms of prostaglandins in the ovary may stimulate further research activities in different methodological approaches, especially during final follicle maturation and ovulation, as well as corpus luteum formation and function.