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Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Evidence-based Knowledge Synthesis and Hypothesis Validation: Navigating Biomedical Knowledge Bases via Explainable AI and Agentic Systems
Published on: June 13, 2025
Evidence and Decision-Making
Benjamin Djulbegovic1, Iztok Hozo2
1Hematology Stewardship Program, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA. djulbegov@musc.edu.
Global health care spending is a significant challenge, with nations worldwide allocating substantial portions of their gross domestic product (GDP) to health services. The United States alone faces escalating health care costs, projected to double in less than a decade.
Area of Science:
- Health Economics
- Public Health Policy
- Healthcare Management
Background:
- Healthcare provision remains a global challenge for all nations.
- Worldwide health services expenditure averages 10% of gross domestic product (GDP).
- Rising healthcare costs present a significant economic burden.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the global economic impact of healthcare spending.
- To examine the trends in national health expenditures.
- To project future healthcare costs in developed nations.
Main Methods:
- Analysis of global economic data on healthcare spending.
- Review of national GDP contributions to health services.
- Trend analysis and future cost projections.
Main Results:
- Globally, $8.3 trillion is spent annually on health services, representing 10% of GDP.
- In 2019, the USA allocated 18% of its GDP ($3.2 trillion) to healthcare.
- US healthcare spending is projected to reach $6.2 trillion by 2028.
Conclusions:
- Healthcare spending constitutes a major economic factor globally.
- The USA faces a substantial and increasing financial commitment to healthcare.
- Effective health economic strategies are crucial for sustainable healthcare systems.
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