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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Post-translational modifications and their implications in cancer.

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Post-translational modifications (PTMs) regulate protein function and diversity. This review explores known and novel PTMs, highlighting their roles in biological processes and cancer progression.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Proteomics

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) are essential for protein regulation.
  • PTMs alter protein properties, influencing physiological processes like signal transduction and metabolism.
  • These modifications are implicated in diseases such as cancer and age-related pathologies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing and novel post-translational modifications.
  • To discuss the implications of PTMs in aberrant biological states, particularly cancer.
  • To enhance understanding of PTMs' effects on protein function and biological processes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of post-translational modifications.
  • Discussion of established and emerging PTMs.
  • Analysis of PTMs' roles in protein function and disease.

Main Results:

  • Over 200 different protein modifications have been identified.
  • Common PTMs include phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, acetylation, and ubiquitination.
  • PTMs significantly expand proteome diversity and regulate protein activity, structure, and interactions.

Conclusions:

  • PTMs are vital for regulating protein functions and expanding proteome diversity.
  • Understanding PTMs is crucial for comprehending normal biological processes and disease progression, especially in cancer.
  • Further research into novel PTMs will deepen insights into protein regulation and disease mechanisms.