Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

Regulated mRNA Transport

6.3K
In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
6.3K
Experimental RNAi02:15

Experimental RNAi

6.2K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
6.2K
Nuclear Export of mRNA02:31

Nuclear Export of mRNA

7.7K
Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
7.7K
mRNA Stability and Gene Expression02:51

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

5.6K
The structure and stability of mRNA molecules regulates gene expression, as mRNAs are a key step in the pathway from gene to protein. In eukaryotes, the half-life of mRNA varies from a few minutes up to several days. mRNA stability is essential in growth and development. The absence of the proteins regulating its stability, such as tristetraprolin in mice, can cause systemic issues, including bone marrow overgrowth, inflammation, and autoimmunity.
Cis-acting Elements involved in mRNA stability
5.6K
RNA Interference01:23

RNA Interference

26.1K
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
This process occurs naturally in cells, often through the activity of genomically-encoded microRNAs. Researchers can take advantage of this mechanism by introducing synthetic RNAs to deactivate specific genes for research or therapeutic purposes. For example, RNAi could be used...
26.1K
Nucleic Acid Structure01:25

Nucleic Acid Structure

6.2K
The pentose sugar in DNA is deoxyribose, while in RNA the pentose sugar is ribose. The difference between the sugars is the presence of the hydroxyl group on the ribose's second carbon and a hydrogen on the deoxyribose's second carbon. The phosphate residue attaches to the hydroxyl group of the 5′ carbon of one sugar and the hydroxyl group of the 3′ carbon of the sugar of the next nucleotide, which forms  a 5′ to 3′ phosphodiester linkage.
DNA Structure
DNA...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

From lab to environment: forecasting pharmaceutical impact using <i>in silico</i> and analytical tools.

RSC medicinal chemistry·2026
Same author

Factors affecting drug delivery system translation: A focus on advanced technologies, biological barriers, and regulatory challenges.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2025
Same author

Next-generation aluminum adjuvants: Immunomodulatory layered double hydroxide NanoAlum reengineered from first-line drugs.

Acta pharmaceutica Sinica. B·2024
Same author

Injectable long-acting formulations (ILAFs) and manufacturing techniques.

Expert opinion on drug delivery·2024
Same author

Pulmonary arterial hypertension nanotherapeutics: New pharmacological targets and drug delivery strategies.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2023
Same author

Gout therapeutics and drug delivery.

Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society·2023

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells
10:02

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 10, 2022

2.2K

Lipid carriers for mRNA delivery.

Wanting Zhang1, Yuxin Jiang1, Yonglong He1

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica. B
|October 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Messenger RNA (mRNA) delivery faces challenges due to its size and instability. Lipid carriers offer a promising solution for effective mRNA therapeutics and vaccines, including for COVID-19.

Keywords:
COVID-19Drug deliveryEncapsulation efficiencyEndosome escapeLipid carriersNanoparticlesVaccinemRNA

More Related Videos

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA
08:29

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Published on: February 1, 2019

10.1K
Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing
08:55

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing

Published on: January 20, 2023

11.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells
10:02

Using Lipid Nanoparticles for the Delivery of Chemically Modified mRNA into Mammalian Cells

Published on: June 10, 2022

2.2K
Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA
08:29

Generation of Cationic Nanoliposomes for the Efficient Delivery of In Vitro Transcribed Messenger RNA

Published on: February 1, 2019

10.1K
Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing
08:55

Testing the In Vitro and In Vivo Efficiency of mRNA-Lipid Nanoparticles Formulated by Microfluidic Mixing

Published on: January 20, 2023

11.4K

Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Nanomedicine and Drug Delivery Systems

Background:

  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) is crucial for protein synthesis and shows therapeutic potential for diseases like cancer and viral infections.
  • mRNA-based vaccines have been pivotal in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Challenges in mRNA therapeutics include large size, negative charge, and instability, limiting clinical applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various lipid carriers for mRNA delivery.
  • To discuss the development and application of lipid-based formulations for mRNA vaccines.
  • To highlight recent advancements in COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and future perspectives.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of lipid carrier structures and properties.
  • Analysis of lipid carrier applications in mRNA delivery.
  • Focus on lipid-based vaccine delivery systems and COVID-19 mRNA vaccine advancements.

Main Results:

  • Lipid carriers (liposomes, SLNs, hybrid nanoparticles, etc.) are effective in encapsulating and delivering mRNA.
  • Lipid-based formulations demonstrate significant potential as vaccine delivery systems.
  • Recent progress in COVID-19 mRNA vaccines showcases the efficacy of these delivery strategies.

Conclusions:

  • Lipid carriers are vital for overcoming mRNA delivery challenges.
  • Lipid-based systems are key to the success of mRNA therapeutics and vaccines.
  • Continued research into lipid carriers will drive innovation in mRNA-based treatments.