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Related Concept Videos

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

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Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
184
Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes01:22

Drug Delivery: Miscellaneous Routes

338
Drug delivery methods like oral inhalation, nasal sprays, transdermal patches, eye drops, intravitreal injection,  and rectal administration provide localized effects with reduced toxicity.
Oral inhalation and nasal sprays swiftly transfer drugs across the respiratory epithelium's mucosal layer. Inhaled glucocorticoids and bronchodilators directly target lung conditions such as asthma, while fluticasone nasal spray mitigates allergic rhinitis.
Transdermal patches transport drugs...
338
Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route

480
The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
There are three primary parenteral routes: intravenous (IV), intramuscular (IM), and subcutaneous (SC). The IV route introduces the drug directly into the bloodstream, ensuring immediate action. The IM route...
480
Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral01:25

Routes of Drug Administration: Parenteral

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The administration of drugs via parenteral routes allows for direct drug introduction into the systemic circulation, resulting in high bioavailability because the medication bypasses the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract and hepatic metabolism.
The intravenous route (IV) of drug administration can be further categorized into two types. The bolus injection administers the entire dose rapidly, while an intravenous infusion slowly delivers smaller doses steadily.
The IV route is often...
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Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview01:28

Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics: Overview

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Understanding drugs, drug products, and their performance in pharmaceutical science is pivotal. Drugs, whether simple molecules or complex compounds, are designed to interact with the body's biological systems to diagnose, treat, or prevent diseases. Drug products include various delivery systems such as tablets, capsules, injections, and inhalers. The performance of these drug products is gauged by their ability to deliver the active ingredient to the desired site of action at the...
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Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

372
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 22, 2025

Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications
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Injectable Supramolecular Polymer-Nanoparticle Hydrogels for Cell and Drug Delivery Applications

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Injectable long-acting formulations (ILAFs) and manufacturing techniques.

Kosheli Thapa Magar1, Hamza Boucetta1, Zongmin Zhao2

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, PR China.

Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery
|July 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Injectable long-acting formulations (ILAFs) offer sustained drug delivery, improving patient compliance and reducing risks associated with frequent dosing. This review highlights ILAF technologies, their benefits, and challenges for extended therapeutic efficacy.

Keywords:
APIsILAFscontrolled/sustained releasedrug deliveryprolonged activity

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical technology
  • Drug delivery systems
  • Biopharmaceutics

Background:

  • Short-acting drug formulations require frequent administration, leading to poor patient compliance and treatment failure.
  • Injectable long-acting formulations (ILAFs) provide controlled/sustained release of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), extending drug half-life from days to months.
  • ILAFs minimize dosing frequency, enhance patient compliance, and reduce side effects from intravenous infusions by controlling initial drug release.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review various ILAFs, their physiochemical properties, and fabrication technologies.
  • To discuss the advantages and practical challenges associated with ILAF applications.
  • To highlight approved ILAFs and their role in modern therapeutics.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing ILAF technologies and applications.
  • Analysis of physiochemical properties influencing ILAF performance.
  • Discussion of fabrication methods for controlled and sustained drug release.

Main Results:

  • ILAFs improve patient compliance through extended drug activity.
  • These formulations are effective for delivering APIs like proteins and peptides with short biological half-lives.
  • ILAFs offer protection from environmental degradation for sensitive biopharmaceuticals.

Conclusions:

  • ILAFs represent an effective strategy for precise and focused therapy.
  • The controlled release properties of ILAFs minimize adverse effects from high initial drug concentrations.
  • ILAF technology is crucial for managing chronic conditions and improving therapeutic outcomes.