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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview01:13

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Overview

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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
Ruthenium-based Grubbs catalyst is the most commonly used catalyst for olefin metathesis polymerization. Grubbs catalyst consists...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Acyclic Diene Metathesis (ADMET)00:53

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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
Similar to cross-metathesis, ADMET also involves the formation of metallacyclobutane intermediate by [2+2] cycloaddition of one of the double bonds of a terminal diene with...
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Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)01:16

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

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Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Rapid, Scalable Assembly and Loading of Bioactive Proteins and Immunostimulants into Diverse Synthetic Nanocarriers Via Flash Nanoprecipitation
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Dynamic metastable polymersomes enable continuous flow manufacturing.

Chin Ken Wong1, Rebecca Y Lai2, Martina H Stenzel3

  • 1School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia. c.kenwong@unsw.edu.au.

Nature Communications
|October 6, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new continuous flow method enables scalable production of polymersomes (polymeric vesicles). These metastable polymersomes allow for in-stream manipulation of size and shape, paving the way for clinical applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Polymersomes, polymeric analogues of liposomes, possess unique properties but face challenges in clinical translation.
  • Current production methods lack scalability and control over polymersome characteristics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a continuous flow methodology for scalable polymersome production.
  • To enable downstream manipulation of polymersome properties within the same continuous process.

Main Methods:

  • A continuous flow system was designed for polymersome synthesis.
  • The methodology utilizes the inherent metastability of the produced polymersomes.
  • Downstream processing for size and shape manipulation was integrated into the flow system.

Main Results:

  • Scalable production of near-monodisperse polymersomes at ≥3 g/h achieved.
  • Polymersomes exhibit metastability for ~7 days, allowing for controlled growth.
  • Demonstrated in-stream manipulation of polymersome size and shape.

Conclusions:

  • The developed continuous flow methodology overcomes scalability limitations for polymersome production.
  • The metastable nature of polymersomes is leveraged for versatile downstream processing.
  • This approach facilitates the translation of polymersomes for industrial and clinical applications.