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Related Concept Videos

General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

229
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
229
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

481
Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
481
Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

317
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
317
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

142
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
142
Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics01:13

Local Anesthetics: Pharmacokinetics

781
The potency and duration of action of local anesthetics (LAs) are determined by their pharmacokinetics. Pharmacokinetics describes how LAs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated from the body. When administered to the vascular tissues, LAs are quickly absorbed and enter the systemic circulation, reducing their localized effects. Adding vasoconstrictors such as epinephrine to LAs reduces their absorption into the systemic circulation, making them clinically effective. The...
781
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia01:29

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

444
Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...
444

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention
08:49

Assessing Changes in Volatile General Anesthetic Sensitivity of Mice after Local or Systemic Pharmacological Intervention

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Predictors of anesthesia ready time: Analysis and benchmark data.

Morgan L Brown1, Steven J Staffa1, Luis G Quinonez2

  • 1Division of Cardiac Anesthesia, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.

JTCVS Open
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The median anesthesia ready time for pediatric cardiac surgery is 51 minutes. Factors like prematurity, chromosomal abnormalities, and surgical complexity increase this time, while emergency cases and afternoon starts decrease it.

Keywords:
anesthesiacongenital cardiac surgeryoperating room efficiencyperioperative care

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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Recording Brain Electromagnetic Activity During the Administration of the Gaseous Anesthetic Agents Xenon and Nitrous Oxide in Healthy Volunteers
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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Pediatric Surgery

Background:

  • Congenital cardiac surgery requires precise anesthetic induction.
  • Optimizing anesthesia ready time is crucial for patient care and operating room efficiency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the median anesthesia ready time for patients undergoing congenital cardiac surgery.
  • To identify patient and procedural factors that predict anesthesia ready time.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 44,418 cases from the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Congenital Heart Surgery Database (2017-2021).
  • Utilized mixed-effects linear regression for univariate and multivariable analysis to predict anesthesia ready time.

Main Results:

  • Median anesthesia ready time was 51 minutes (IQR, 38-66).
  • Predictors of longer anesthesia ready time included lower weight, prematurity, chromosomal abnormalities, and higher surgical complexity (STS-EACTS categories).
  • Emergency cases, afternoon start times, and in-situ airway/arterial lines decreased anesthesia ready time, while anesthesia trainees and central venous line placement increased it.

Conclusions:

  • The median anesthesia ready time is 51 minutes.
  • Strategies to improve efficiency should consider factors prolonging anesthesia ready time, potentially through adjusted staffing.