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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing
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Aging attenuates the memory advantage for unexpected objects in real-world scenes.

Lena Klever1,2, Jasmin Islam1, Melissa Le-Hoa Võ3

  • 1Experimental Psychology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Germany.

Heliyon
|October 9, 2023
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Older adults show a reduced benefit from unexpected objects in memory tasks compared to younger adults. This suggests age-related changes in how prior knowledge influences memory and scene context.

Keywords:
AgingObject memoryPrior knowledgeScene perceptionSchema violations

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Human Development

Background:

  • Memory changes across the adult lifespan, with prior knowledge and expectations potentially influencing functional differences.
  • Previous research on schema congruency's impact on memory has yielded ambiguous findings.
  • Understanding age-related memory differences is crucial for addressing cognitive aging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how schema (in-)congruencies affect memory for objects in real-world scenes in older and younger adults.
  • To determine if age differences exist in utilizing contextual information for memory recall and scene matching.
  • To explore the role of predictive processes in age-related memory variations.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving 23 older adults (52-81 years) and 23 younger adults (18-38 years).
  • Participants viewed photographs of scenes with contextually congruent or incongruent target objects.
  • Memory recognition and object-to-scene matching performance were assessed after a delay.

Main Results:

  • Schema violations (incongruent objects) improved object recognition in both age groups, but this benefit was significantly smaller in older adults.
  • Older adults exhibited a congruency bias when matching objects to their original scene context.
  • Findings indicate that predictive processes play a significant role in age-related memory differences.

Conclusions:

  • Predictive processing theories offer a valuable framework for understanding age-related memory vulnerabilities and stability.
  • Older adults appear to place a greater emphasis on predictions, potentially impacting memory flexibility.
  • Age-related memory declines may be linked to altered weighting of predictive information in cognitive processing.