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Azo food dye neurotoxicity in rats: A neurobehavioral, biochemical, and histopathological study
Pronit Biswas1, Juli Jain2, Whidul Hasan3
1School of Forensic Science, National Forensic Sciences University (An Institution of National Importance), Delhi, 110085, India; Department of Criminology & Forensic Science, Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya (A Central University), Sagar, 470003, MP, India.
Abstract:
Azo Food dyes (AFDs), which are widely used in the food industry, may be associated with adverse health effects. We have investigated the effects of the AFDs metanil yellow (MY), malachite green (MG), and sudan III (SIII) on cognitive impairment, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, neuro-enzyme activities, and histopathology in rats. Rats treated with MY (430 mg/kg), MG (13.75 mg/kg), SIII (250 mg/kg), and a mixture (MY 143.33 + MG 4.52 + SIII 83.33 mg/kg) p.o. for 60 d showed significant learning and memory impairments. Significant biochemical changes were observed in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus: increases in lipid peroxidation and the activity of acetylcholinesterase (AChE); decreases in the level of reduced glutathione and the activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, and mitochondrial complexes I and II. Histological damage to brain neurons accompanied the learning and memory impairments and was linked with other biochemical and neurochemical alterations.
