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Updated: Jul 14, 2025
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Analysis of Congenital Heart Defects in Mouse Embryos Using Qualitative and Quantitative Histological Methods
Published on: March 10, 2020
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Gender differences in congenital heart defects: a narrative review
Flaminia Pugnaloni1,2, Alessandro Felici1, Antonio-Francesco Corno3
1Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
Translational Pediatrics
|October 10, 2023
Summary
Males face a higher risk of severe congenital heart defects (CHD), while females are more prone to milder forms. Understanding these gender differences is crucial for tailored CHD prevention and treatment strategies.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Pediatrics
- Genetics
Background:
- Congenital heart defects (CHD) are the most common birth defects, affecting nearly 1% of newborns.
- Gender-specific prevalence of CHD is critical for personalized medicine, impacting prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
- A holistic approach to CHD care necessitates understanding existing gender disparities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive overview of gender differences in the epidemiology of congenital heart defects.
- To synthesize current research on how sex influences the prevalence and types of CHD.
- To highlight the importance of gender in CHD risk stratification and management.
Main Methods:
- A systematic literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Embase databases.
- Keywords included "congenital heart diseases," "gender difference(s)," and "prevalence."
- Included studies were observational, prospective, population-based, or retrospective, focusing on human subjects and published in English.
Main Results:
- The review included 21 studies after rigorous screening and reference list analysis.
- Significant gender variations were observed across specific congenital heart defect subgroups.
- Males exhibit a higher risk for severe CHD, whereas females are more commonly affected by milder CHD subtypes.
Conclusions:
- Evidence confirms a notable gender disparity in the prevalence of specific CHD types.
- The underlying etiology for these gender-based differences in CHD distribution requires further investigation.
- A future-oriented, gender-based management approach for CHD is essential for optimizing patient outcomes.
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