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Area of Science:

  • Mycology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Invasive fungal infections (IFIs) pose a significant threat, especially to individuals with advanced HIV.
  • Opportunistic fungal pathogens are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in this population.
  • Global health initiatives are increasingly focusing on fungal diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the critical role of four specific opportunistic fungal pathogens in HIV-associated IFIs.
  • To emphasize the impact of these pathogens on global health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.
  • To advocate for improved diagnostics, surveillance, and public health strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the World Health Organization's Fungal Priority Pathogens List (FPPL).
  • Identification of fungal pathogens listed in the FPPL that are significant causes of IFIs in people with advanced HIV.
  • Analysis of the epidemiological impact and geographic distribution of these pathogens.

Main Results:

  • The WHO FPPL identifies 19 priority fungal pathogens.
  • Four pathogens—Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Talaromyces marneffei—are particularly relevant to HIV-associated IFIs.
  • These four pathogens are disproportionately affecting individuals in low- and middle-income countries.

Conclusions:

  • Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma spp., Pneumocystis jirovecii, and Talaromyces marneffei are critical threats to people with advanced HIV.
  • Urgent need for enhanced diagnostics, surveillance, innovation support, and public health interventions.
  • Addressing these fungal infections is crucial for reducing HIV-associated mortality.