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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Diagram01:19

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Intermolecular forces are attractive forces that exist between molecules. They dictate several bulk properties, such as melting points, boiling points, and solubilities (miscibilities) of substances. Molar mass, molecular shape, and polarity affect the strength of different intermolecular forces, which influence the magnitude of physical properties across a family of molecules.
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Intermolecular Forces03:13

Intermolecular Forces

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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen...
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Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity02:57

Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscosity

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Surface Tension
The various IMFs between identical molecules of a substance are examples of cohesive forces. The molecules within a liquid are surrounded by other molecules and are attracted equally in all directions by the cohesive forces within the liquid. However, the molecules on the surface of a liquid are attracted only by about one-half as many molecules. Because of the unbalanced molecular attractions on the surface molecules, liquids contract to form a shape that minimizes the number...
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers
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Surface Phase Diagrams for Wetting with Long-Ranged Forces.

Andrew O Parry1, Alexandr Malijevský2

  • 1Department of Mathematics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2BZ, United Kingdom.

Physical Review Letters
|October 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study analyzes wetting and drying transitions in systems with long-ranged forces, extending surface phase diagrams up to the critical temperature (Tc). It precisely determines transition behaviors and critical singularities, questioning previous models for short-ranged forces.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Recent studies using density functional theory and simulations have questioned the universality of established surface phase diagrams for wetting and drying transitions.
  • These prior models, particularly those by Nakanishi and Fisher, were primarily developed for systems with short-ranged forces and may not apply to systems with long-ranged, dispersionlike forces.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend the understanding of wetting and drying transitions in systems with long-ranged forces.
  • To derive fully analytic results for surface phase diagrams across the entire temperature range up to the bulk critical temperature (Tc).
  • To precisely determine the nature of phase boundaries, the order of transitions, and the asymmetry between wetting and drying lines.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical derivation of analytic results.
  • Analysis of density functional theory and simulation data.
  • Investigation of systems with long-ranged, dispersionlike forces.

Main Results:

  • The study successfully derives complete analytic surface phase diagrams for wetting and drying transitions up to the critical temperature (Tc).
  • Exact determination of phase boundaries, transition orders, and asymmetries between wetting and drying lines.
  • Demonstration that these transition lines converge to an ordinary surface critical point.
  • Identification and exact characterization of critical singularities for lines of maximally multicritical wetting and drying transitions.

Conclusions:

  • The derived analytic surface phase diagrams provide a comprehensive description for systems with long-ranged forces, extending beyond previous models.
  • The findings confirm the convergence of wetting and drying transition lines to a surface critical point.
  • The study highlights the significance of multicritical phenomena in understanding surface phase behavior.