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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides

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Sulfides are the sulfur analog of ethers, just as thiols are the sulfur analog of alcohol. Like ethers, sulfides also consist of two hydrocarbon groups bonded to the central sulfur atom. Depending upon the type of groups present, sulfides can be symmetrical or asymmetrical. Symmetrical sulfides can be prepared via an SN2 reaction between 2 equivalents of an alkyl halide and one equivalent of sodium sulfide.
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Sulfur Assimilation01:20

Sulfur Assimilation

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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to...
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Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides02:17

Structure and Nomenclature of Thiols and Sulfides

4.8K
Thiols and sulfides are sulfur analogs of alcohols and ethers, respectively, where the sulfur atom takes the place of the oxygen atom. Thus, thiols are generally represented as RSH, where R is an alkyl substituent and —SH is the functional group. On the other hand, in sulfides, the central sulfur atom is bonded to two hydrocarbon groups on either side. Depending upon the type of group, sulfides can be either symmetrical or asymmetrical. Both thiols and sulfides display a bent geometry,...
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Preparation and Reactions of Thiols02:33

Preparation and Reactions of Thiols

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Thiols are prepared using the hydrosulfide anion as a nucleophile in a nucleophilic substitution reaction with alkyl halides. For instance, bromobutane reacts with sodium hydrosulfide to give butanethiol.
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Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene01:22

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Sulfonation of Benzene

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Sulfonation of benzene is a reaction wherein benzene is treated with fuming sulfuric acid at room temperature to produce benzenesulfonic acid. Fuming sulfuric acid is a mixture of sulfur trioxide and concentrated sulfuric acid.
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The Sulfur Cycle01:22

The Sulfur Cycle

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Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the atmosphere as sulfur dioxide (SO2), sulfur is released by decaying organisms, weathered rocks, geothermal vents, volcanos, and burning fossil fuels. It is deposited into the ecosystem, cycled through the biotic community, and either released back into the atmosphere as gas or deposited in marine sediment for long-term storage and eventual...
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A Sensitive Visual Method for the Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide Producing Bacteria
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Sulfites.

Wilbur Johnson1, Wilma F Bergfeld2, Donald V Belsito2

  • 1Cosmetic Ingredient Review Former Senior Scientific Analyst/Writer.

International Journal of Toxicology
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed new studies and confirmed that various sulfites are safe for cosmetic use. This includes Sodium Sulfite, Potassium Sulfite, and related compounds, ensuring consumer safety in current applications.

Keywords:
CosmeticsSafetySulfites

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Area of Science:

  • Cosmetic Science
  • Dermatology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • The safety of cosmetic ingredients is periodically reassessed.
  • Previous safety assessments for sulfites were conducted in 1998.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review newly available studies on sulfites.
  • To reassess the safety of specific sulfite compounds as cosmetic ingredients.
  • To confirm safe use concentrations and product types.

Main Methods:

  • Review of newly available scientific studies.
  • Analysis of updated information on product types and concentrations.
  • Expert panel assessment based on scientific evidence.

Main Results:

  • Sodium Sulfite, Potassium Sulfite, Ammonium Sulfite, Sodium Bisulfite, Ammonium Bisulfite, Sodium Metabisulfite, and Potassium Metabisulfite were evaluated.
  • No safety concerns were identified for these ingredients at current usage levels.
  • The panel confirmed their safety in cosmetic formulations.

Conclusions:

  • The reviewed sulfite ingredients are safe for use in cosmetics.
  • Current practices and concentrations align with safety standards.
  • Continued monitoring may be warranted for evolving cosmetic science.