Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma Mimicking Cervical Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Area of Science:

• Oncology
• Pathology
• Medical Case Reports

Background:

• Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) is an aggressive thyroid malignancy with a poor prognosis.
• ATC typically presents as a rapidly growing neck mass, but unusual presentations can occur.
• Cervical tuberculosis can present with similar symptoms, complicating initial diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To report an unusual case of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma mimicking cervical tuberculosis.
• To highlight the diagnostic challenges posed by rare presentations of ATC.
• To emphasize the importance of thorough histopathological evaluation in suspected cases.

Main Methods:

• A case report of a 65-year-old patient with a cervical swelling initially suspected as tuberculosis.
• Initial investigations included imaging, incision and drainage, Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and non-specific biopsy.
• A second biopsy was performed due to tumor progression, confirming anaplastic thyroid carcinoma.

Main Results:

• Initial presentation mimicked cervical tuberculosis with necrotic masses and purulent discharge.
• AFB PCR and initial biopsy were inconclusive for tuberculosis, showing non-specific granulomatous inflammation.
• Subsequent biopsy confirmed anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, leading to referral for radiochemotherapy.

Conclusions:

• Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma can present atypically, mimicking other conditions like cervical tuberculosis.
• Diagnostic delays can occur due to unusual presentations, underscoring the need for comprehensive workup.
• Prompt and accurate diagnosis is crucial for initiating appropriate management of ATC.