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Related Concept Videos

Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Hedgehog Signaling Pathway02:33

Hedgehog Signaling Pathway

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The Hedgehog gene (Hh) was first discovered due to its control of the growth of disorganized, hair-like bristles phenotype in Drosophila, much like hedgehog spines. Hh plays a crucial role in the development of organs and the maintenance of homeostasis in both invertebrates and vertebrates. However, while Drosophila has only one Hh protein, mammals have multiple functional Hedgehog proteins - Sonic (Shh), Desert (Dhh), and Indian Hedgehog (Ihh). All of these homologous proteins have adapted to...
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Contact-dependent Signaling01:19

Contact-dependent Signaling

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Contact-dependent signaling, as the name suggests, requires that communicating cells be in direct contact with each other. This is achieved either through receptor-ligand interactions or by specialized cytoplasmic channels that allow the flow of small molecules between cells. In animal cells, channels called gap junctions facilitate contact-dependent signaling in certain tissues, whereas, plasmodesmata perform a similar function in plants.
Gap Junctions
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Osmoregulation in Insects01:47

Osmoregulation in Insects

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Malpighian tubules are specialized structures found in the digestive systems of many arthropods, including most insects, that handle excretion and osmoregulation. The tubules are typically arranged in pairs and have a convoluted structure that increases their surface area.
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Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways01:41

Non-Canonical Wnt Signaling Pathways

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Wnt is a zygotic effect gene that is expressed during very early embryonic development. It regulates various processes in animals starting from early development through the adult stage, such as organogenesis in the embryo and maintenance of neuronal and blood stem cells. Wnt proteins can induce a wide variety of intracellular pathways depending upon the specific abilities of different Wnt ligands to form a complex with shared and cognate receptors in the presence of different co-receptors. The...
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Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
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Neofunctionalization of Toll Signaling in Insects: From Immunity to Dorsoventral Patterning.

Siegfried Roth1

  • 1Institute of Zoology-Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;

Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
|October 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Toll signaling, crucial for immunity and development, was co-opted from an immune role to pattern the dorsoventral axis in insects. This pathway

Keywords:
GryllusNasoniaOncopeltusTriboliumblastodermal cuticleembryonic patterninggerm layer evolutionmesodermnon-insect hexapodsserosaserosal cuticle

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Toll signaling is vital for innate immunity across animals.
  • In Drosophila, Toll regulates dorsoventral (DV) axis formation.
  • Its role in DV patterning is conserved in insects but not other animals.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolutionary integration of Toll signaling into insect DV axis formation.
  • To understand how Toll's ancestral immune function relates to its developmental role.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of Toll and BMP signaling pathways across insect lineages.
  • Review of existing literature on Toll's function in embryogenesis and immunity.

Main Results:

  • Toll's DV patterning role is reduced in distantly related insects.
  • BMP signaling shows expanded influence in these insects.
  • Toll signaling functions in the insect extraembryonic serosa, an early embryonic tissue.

Conclusions:

  • Toll signaling was likely integrated into an ancestral BMP-based patterning system during insect evolution.
  • Toll's developmental role may have originated from its ancestral immune function.