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Related Concept Videos

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for...
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Nuclear reprogramming is the process of switching gene expression of one cell type to that of another cell type, usually from a differentiated cell state to an undifferentiated cell state. Differentiation occurs during processes such as development and morphogenesis, tissue regeneration, and malignancy. Cells can also be artificially induced to reprogram their gene expression by techniques such as nuclear transfer, induced pluripotency, and cell fusion. Such techniques have many applications in...
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Transdifferentiation, also known as lineage reprogramming, was first discovered by Selman and Kafatos in 1974 in silkmoths. They observed that the moths’ cuticle-producing cells transformed into salt-producing cells. Many such cases of natural transdifferentiation occur in organisms. In humans, pancreatic alpha cells can become beta cells. In newts, the loss of the eye’s lens causes the pigmented epithelial cells to transdifferentiate into the lens cells.
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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce different cell types. Ordinarily, cells that have differentiated into a specific cell type are terminally differentiated; however, scientists have found a way to reprogram these mature cells so that they dedifferentiate and return to an unspecialized, proliferative state. These cells are pluripotent like embryonic stem cells—able to produce all cell types—and are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
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Reprogramming Cell Identity: Past Lessons, Challenges, and Future Directions.

José C R Silva1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell reprogramming converts cell fates to enhance developmental potential. This field, advanced by induced pluripotency, holds transformative future applications for cell therapies and regenerative medicine.

Keywords:
Stembryocell transdifferentiationembryonic stem cellsinduced pluripotencyinduced pluripotent stem cellsreprogramming

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Reprogramming traditionally means converting cells to a state of higher developmental potential.
  • Broader definitions include cell fate conversions deviating from normal developmental paths.
  • The field rapidly advanced with the development of induced pluripotency.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To reflect on the historical contributions of cell reprogramming research.
  • To explore the impact of reprogramming on diverse scientific fields.
  • To discuss the future potential of reprogrammed cells and their derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and perspective synthesis.
  • Analysis of historical data and research trends in cell reprogramming.
  • Conceptualization of future applications based on current understanding.

Main Results:

  • Cell reprogramming has evolved beyond traditional definitions.
  • Reprogramming has significantly impacted various research areas.
  • Significant future potential exists for therapeutic and regenerative applications.

Conclusions:

  • Cell reprogramming is a dynamic field with a rich history.
  • Induced pluripotency has been a key advancement.
  • Future applications of reprogrammed cells promise significant innovation in medicine.