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Personalized 3D printed scaffolds: The ethical aspects.

Manon van Daal¹, Anne-Floor J de Kanter¹, Annelien L Bredenoord²

¹Department of Bioethics and Health Humanities, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.

New Biotechnology

|October 17, 2023

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Personalized 3D printed scaffolds offer tissue engineering solutions but raise ethical concerns. This review maps ethical issues across their lifecycle, from development to implementation, for responsible innovation.

Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Regenerative Medicine
Bioethics

Background:

Personalized 3D printed scaffolds are advanced implants for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
These scaffolds mimic the extracellular matrix, support cell growth, and biodegrade after tissue regeneration.

Purpose of the Study:

To map the ethical challenges and opportunities associated with personalized 3D printed scaffolds throughout their lifecycle.
To ensure responsible, safe, and ethically sound development and implementation of these novel implants.

Main Methods:

Systematic review identifying ethical themes across scaffold development, clinical testing, and implementation stages.
Analysis of ethical issues including privacy, first-in-human trials, responsibility, commercialization, irreversibility, embodiment, and ontological status.

Keywords:

3D printing Ethics Implants Regenerative medicine Scaffolds Tissue engineering

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Inclusion of gender as a factor in ethical assessment.

Main Results:

Nine ethical themes were identified, linked to the scaffold's lifecycle stages.
Common ethical issues include data privacy, trial conduct, and commercialization.
Underexplored issues like irreversibility, embodiment, and ontological status were highlighted.
The importance of including gender in ethical assessments was emphasized.

Conclusions:

Ethical considerations are crucial for the responsible development and implementation of personalized 3D printed scaffolds.
Further attention is needed within additive manufacturing and tissue engineering fields.
Unresolved empirical and normative questions require deeper investigation for co-creating ethical understanding.