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Related Concept Videos

Vision01:24

Vision

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Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.
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Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

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Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
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Visual System01:26

Visual System

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Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
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Parallel Processing01:20

Parallel Processing

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility01:34

Woodward–Hoffmann Selection Rules and Microscopic Reversibility

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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss
07:12

Development of a Gaze-Contingent Display Framework Designed for Perceptual and Oculomotor Research with Simulated Central Vision Loss

Published on: April 11, 2025

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Need for cross-level iterative re-entry in models of visual processing.

Thomas M Spalek1, K P Unnikrishnan2, Vincent Di Lollo3

  • 1Department of Psychology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada. tspalek@sfu.ca.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|October 17, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Visual information processing in the brain primarily uses re-entrant signaling, not just feed-forward pathways. New findings challenge existing models, advocating for iterative, cross-level re-entrant principles in perception and cognition.

Keywords:
Biological modelsComputational modelsCross-level re-entryFeed-forward processingRe-entrant processing

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Vision

Background:

  • Traditional models of visual information processing proposed a feed-forward (bottom-up) flow.
  • Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological evidence increasingly supports re-entrant (top-down) two-way signaling between brain regions.
  • Current computational models often neglect re-entrant processing, favoring feed-forward or within-level interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present empirical findings that challenge feed-forward and within-level re-entrant models of visual processing.
  • To advocate for a shift towards more comprehensive models of brain function.

Main Methods:

  • Review of five sets of empirical findings.
  • Analysis of existing theoretical frameworks in visual information processing.

Main Results:

  • Empirical data presented cannot be explained by feed-forward or within-level re-entrant principles.
  • These findings highlight the limitations of current computational models.
  • Evidence strongly supports the prevalence of two-way signaling in the brain.

Conclusions:

  • Re-entrant processing, specifically cross-level iterative signaling, is crucial for understanding visual perception and cognition.
  • Psychophysical, biological, and computational models should be updated to incorporate these principles.
  • A paradigm shift is needed to accurately represent brain information flow.