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Cartilage cell differentiation: review.

K von der Mark, G Conrad

    Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
    |March 1, 1979
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Cartilage cell differentiation involves specific gene products like type II collagen and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG). Environmental factors, not a single inducer, control this complex process, highlighting low-specificity influences creating high specificity. Keywords: cartilage differentiation, type II collagen, CSPG, embryonic development.

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    Area of Science:

    • Developmental Biology
    • Cellular Differentiation
    • Biochemistry

    Background:

    • Cartilage cell differentiation is marked by the production of type II collagen and cartilage-specific chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG).
    • Existing assays for these markers offer advantages over older methods like histochemical stains or [35S]-sulfate incorporation.
    • Chondrogenesis involves extracellular proteoglycan aggregate formation and loss of cell surface fibronectin.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To explore the mechanisms and regulatory factors influencing cartilage cell differentiation from embryonic precursor cells.
    • To investigate the role of various environmental conditions and potential inducers/inhibitors in chondrogenesis.
    • To understand how low-specificity environmental signals synergistically control high-specificity morphogenetic outcomes in cartilage formation.

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    Main Methods:

    • Utilized biochemical and immunological assays to quantify type II collagen and CSPG, indicating cartilage differentiation.
    • Examined the effects of various factors (e.g., CSPG, notochord, low oxygen, collagen substrates, conditioned medium) on glycosaminoglycan synthesis and cell differentiation.
    • Assessed the impact of inhibitors (e.g., BrdUrd, 6-amino nicotinamide) and environmental conditions (e.g., cell density, pH, ions, serum) on chondrogenesis.

    Main Results:

    • Identified type II collagen and CSPG as key markers for cartilage differentiation, with new assays offering improved specificity and speed.
    • Observed that while some factors increase glycosaminoglycan synthesis, their effect on selectively increasing differentiating cells versus cell viability remains unclear.
    • Demonstrated that a variety of environmental factors, rather than a single specific inducer, can trigger cartilage differentiation in embryonic mesenchyme.

    Conclusions:

    • Cartilage differentiation is governed by a synergistic interplay of multiple, low-specificity environmental influences that collectively achieve high specificity.
    • The study suggests that a unique, specific inducer for cartilage differentiation may not exist.
    • Ectopic cartilage formation involves signals mimicking normal differentiation, with nearby epithelia influencing mesenchyme cell responses, including cartilage formation.