Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects01:16

Insulin: Dosing Regimen and Adverse Effects

184
Insulin-replacement therapy usually includes both long-acting insulin (basal) and short-acting insulin (to cater to postprandial needs). In a diverse group of type 1 diabetes patients, the average daily insulin dose is typically 0.5-0.7 units/kg body weight. However, obese patients and pubertal adolescents may need more due to insulin resistance.
The basal dose constitutes about 40%-50% of the total daily dose, with the rest as premeal insulin. The mealtime insulin dose should mirror...
184
Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways01:28

Insulin: The Receptor and Signaling Pathways

1.2K
Insulin action is mediated through a receptor tyrosine kinase, akin to the IGF-1 receptor. The number of receptors per cell varies significantly, from 40 on erythrocytes to 300,000 on adipocytes and hepatocytes. The insulin receptor consists of linked α/β subunit dimers, forming a heterotetramer glycoprotein with two extracellular α subunits and two β subunits spanning the membrane. The α subunits inhibit the inherent tyrosine kinase activity of the β subunits, but...
1.2K
Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion01:27

Glucose Homeostasis: Pancreatic Islets and Insulin Secretion

1.3K
The pancreatic islets comprising only 1%-2% of the volume are highly vascularized and innervated mini-organs. They contain five endocrine cell types, including β cells that secrete insulin, which is synthesized as a single polypeptide chain, preproinsulin, processed to proinsulin, and finally to insulin and C-peptide. This process is complex and regulated, involving the Golgi complex, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the secretory granules of the β cell.
Insulin and C-peptide are...
1.3K
Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation01:25

Insulin: Biosynthesis, Chemistry, and Preparation

393
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of pancreatic β-cells synthesizes preproinsulin, which consists of a signal peptide, A and B chains, and a C-peptide. Preproinsulin is then cleaved and folded into proinsulin, which translocates to the Golgi apparatus for sorting and packaging into secretory granules. In these granules, enzymatic clipping generates insulin and C-peptide.
Damage or functional impairment of β-cells inhibits insulin production, leading to diabetes. Diabetes treatment...
393
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

2.7K
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
2.7K
Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery01:27

Insulin Formulations: Types and Delivery

205
Insulin preparations are categorized by their duration of action into short-acting and long-acting types. Two strategies are used to modify insulin's absorption and pharmacokinetic profile: slowing the absorption post-subcutaneous injection, or altering human insulin's amino acid sequence or protein structure. These changes retain the insulin's ability to bind to the insulin receptor, but alter its behavior in solution or after injection.
Short-acting insulins are divided into...
205

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Cost of illness of type 2 diabetes mellitus with a cardiovascular comorbidity and comparison with guideline recommendations: a German claims data analysis.

BMC health services research·2026
Same author

Why hyperinsulinemia is detrimental to weight loss: insights from type 1 diabetes.

BMC medicine·2026
Same author

Traditional Health Practices May Promote Nrf2 Activation Similar to Exercise.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

What should the doctor prescribe-formula diet or antidiabetics? Effectiveness of formula diet-based lifestyle intervention vs. pharmacological antiglycemic therapy on weight loss and HbA1c reduction in type 2 diabetes patients-a systematic review.

Frontiers in endocrinology·2025
Same author

Treatment and associated outcomes of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients with a cardiovascular comorbidity and comparison with guideline recommendations: a German claims data analysis.

Cardiovascular diabetology·2025
Same author

Cost-effectiveness modeling for gender-neutral human papillomavirus vaccines: A systematic literature review.

Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
08:22

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

8.8K

Insulin and aging - a disappointing relationship.

Hubert Kolb1,2, Kerstin Kempf2, Stephan Martin1,2

  • 1Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.

Frontiers in Endocrinology
|October 19, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Lowering insulin levels and improving insulin sensitivity may promote longevity and healthspan. Lifestyle choices like diet and exercise can enhance cellular stress responses, counteracting age-related diseases.

Keywords:
Nrf2aginginsulininsulin resistancelongevityoxidative stressproteostasissenescence

More Related Videos

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

12.6K
Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

68.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion
08:22

Combined Intravital Microscopy and Contrast-enhanced Ultrasonography of the Mouse Hindlimb to Study Insulin-induced Vasodilation and Muscle Perfusion

Published on: March 20, 2017

8.8K
Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People
12:59

Improving Strength, Power, Muscle Aerobic Capacity, and Glucose Tolerance through Short-term Progressive Strength Training Among Elderly People

Published on: July 5, 2017

12.6K
Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

68.6K

Area of Science:

  • Gerontology and metabolic research
  • Cellular biology and aging

Background:

  • Insulin signaling pathways are crucial in aging research, with reduced insulin levels linked to longevity in model organisms.
  • In humans, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance correlate with accelerated aging and age-related diseases, including neurodegeneration and type 2 diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of insulin signaling in human aging and age-related diseases.
  • To understand the cellular mechanisms underlying insulin's impact on healthspan and lifespan.
  • To identify lifestyle interventions that can mitigate the pro-aging effects of insulin.

Main Methods:

  • Review of experimental studies in animal models (nematodes, fruit flies, mice) and human data.
  • Analysis of cellular responses to insulin, including Nrf2 activation, AMP kinase, and unfolded protein response.
  • Examination of age-related changes in insulin sensitivity and cellular stress adaptation.

Main Results:

  • High insulin levels promote fat storage, protein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress.
  • Insulin-induced cellular stress triggers adaptive responses (Nrf2, AMPK, UPR), which are less effective with age in humans.
  • Human aging is associated with decreased insulin sensitivity and impaired adaptive stress responses, unlike in shorter-lived model organisms.

Conclusions:

  • Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia contribute to reduced healthspan and increased risk of age-related diseases in humans.
  • Lifestyle interventions promoting low insulin levels and enhanced cellular stress resilience, such as dietary restriction and exercise, may be beneficial for healthy aging.