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Language Development01:22

Language Development

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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
The critical period for language acquisition suggests that the ability to acquire language is at its peak early in life. As people age, this proficiency decreases. Language development begins very...
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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese
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Top-Down Number Reading: Language Affects the Visual Identification of Digit Strings.

Dror Dotan1,2

  • 1Mathematical Thinking Lab, School of Education, Tel Aviv University.

Cognitive Science
|October 21, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Number reading involves both visual and verbal processes. This study reveals a two-way information flow, showing language influences how we visually process digits for reading numbers aloud.

Keywords:
Linguistic and nonlinguistic processingNumber readingTop-down processingTriple-code modelVisual analyzer

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Number reading integrates visual digit analysis and verbal number word production.
  • Current cognitive models primarily propose a feed-forward (visual-to-verbal) information flow.
  • The influence of verbal processes on visual input during number reading is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the directionality of information flow between visual and verbal processes in number reading.
  • To determine if verbal production influences visual analysis of digit strings.
  • To examine the role of language-specific number structures in modulating this interaction.

Main Methods:

  • Participants read aloud briefly presented multi-digit numbers in Hebrew and Arabic.
  • Hebrew number words follow digit order (e.g., 21 = twenty-one).
  • Arabic number words reverse digit order (e.g., 21 = one-and-twenty).
  • Error rates were analyzed based on digit position and language.
  • Control conditions used numbers with zeros to isolate verbal confounds.

Main Results:

  • Language significantly affected error patterns in number reading.
  • Arabic, with its reversed number word order, showed earlier unit digit and later decade digit processing compared to Hebrew.
  • This language-dependent processing bias originated at the visual level.
  • The effect persisted even when controlling for verbal word position.

Conclusions:

  • Information flow during number reading is bidirectional (verbal-to-visual and visual-to-verbal).
  • The visual scanning order of digits is not fixed but is modulated by the language of number production.
  • This demonstrates a top-down influence of verbal processes on visual perception during number reading.