Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Blinding01:11

Blinding

2.5K
Blinding is a commonly used method of not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving. Blinding is a critical part of a randomized control trial or RCT. It reduces the bias that affects the results. In an RCT, blinding is used in the form of a placebo. A placebo effect occurs when untreated subjects falsely believe they have received the treatment and report improved symptoms. A placebo or a dummy treatment is administered to subjects to negate the bias caused by such an effect.
2.5K
Randomized Experiments01:13

Randomized Experiments

7.0K
The randomization process involves assigning study participants randomly to experimental or control groups based on their probability of being equally assigned. Randomization is meant to eliminate selection bias and balance known and unknown confounding factors so that the control group is similar to the treatment group as much as possible. A computer program and a random number generator can be used to assign participants to groups in a way that minimizes bias.
Simple randomization
Simple...
7.0K
Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches01:23

Types of Biopharmaceutical Studies: Controlled and Non-Controlled Approaches

133
Biopharmaceutical studies constitute a vital field aiming to enhance drug delivery methods and refine therapeutic approaches, drawing upon diverse interdisciplinary knowledge. In research methodologies, the choice between controlled and non-controlled studies significantly influences the study's reliability and accuracy.
Non-controlled studies, commonly employed for initial exploration, lack a control group, rendering them susceptible to biases and external influences. In contrast,...
133
Clinical Trials01:16

Clinical Trials

6.8K
Clinical trials are prospective experimental studies conducted on humans to determine the safety and efficacy of treatments, drugs, diet methods, and medical devices. Using statistics in clinical trials enables researchers to derive reasonable and accurate conclusions from the collected data, allowing them to make wise decisions in uncertain situations. In medical research, statistical methods are crucial for preventing errors and bias.
There are four phases in a clinical trial. A phase one...
6.8K
Clinical Trials: Overview01:11

Clinical Trials: Overview

3.0K
Clinical development focuses on how the drug will interact with the human body and encompasses four key phases of clinical trials, each serving a specific purpose in assessing the safety and effectiveness of new drugs. These phases overlap and build upon one another. Phase I involves a small group of healthy volunteers (typically 20-80 individuals) or, in cases where significant toxicity is expected, patients with the targeted disease, such as cancer or AIDS. The volunteers are tested for...
3.0K
Hazard Ratio01:12

Hazard Ratio

137
The hazard ratio (HR) is a widely used measure in clinical trials to compare the risk of events, such as death or disease recurrence, between two groups over time. It reflects the ratio of hazard rates—the instantaneous risk of the event occurring—between a treatment group and a control group. This measure provides valuable insights into the relative effectiveness of a treatment by assessing how the risk of an event differs between the two groups.
For example, in a clinical trial...
137

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Individualised progesterone receptor modulator prevention strategies for triple-negative breast cancer in BRCA1 pathogenic variant carriers.

NPJ breast cancer·2026
Same author

Benefit-risk balance of S-1 versus UFT as adjuvant chemotherapy for stage II/III rectal cancer (JFMC35-C1: ACTS-RC).

The oncologist·2026
Same author

Immunohistochemical characterization of nerve fibers supplying canine elbow joint capsule.

BMC veterinary research·2026
Same author

Methods for Evaluation of Surrogate Endpoints for Health Technology Assessment Decision Making: A Good Practices Report of an ISPOR Task Force.

Value in health : the journal of the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research·2026
Same author

Enhancing Clinical Cancer Research Through Sharing of Data and Biospecimens.

JAMA oncology·2025
Same author

Clarifying End Point Definitions, Missingness, and Covariate Balance in the International TNT Study-Reply.

JAMA oncology·2025
Same journal

Interpretable Bayesian Modeling for Multireader Multicase Studies: Addressing Overdispersion and Limited Sample Size in Diagnostic Enhancement Evaluation.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Adaptive Sequential Multiple Hypotheses Testing for Concomitant Vaccine Safety Surveillance.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Novel Distance Regression for Repeated Outcomes With Missing Data: Applications to Longitudinal and Crossover Studies of Microbiome Beta-Diversity.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Optimal Weighted Tests for Replication Studies and the 'Two-Trials Rule' With Multiple Hypotheses.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Identifiable Copula-Double-Cox Models: A Fully Parametric Framework for Dependent Right-Censored Survival Data.

Statistics in medicine·2026
Same journal

Moving From Individualized Risk-Based Prevention to Benefit-Based Prevention: Estimating Individualized Life-Years Gained From Prevention Services as a Basis for Eligibility.

Statistics in medicine·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.5K

Minimization in randomized clinical trials.

Elisabeth Coart1, Perrine Bamps1, Emmanuel Quinaux1

  • 1IDDI, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.

Statistics in Medicine
|October 23, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minimization, a covariate-adaptive procedure, enhances treatment group balance in clinical trials compared to completely random or stratified blocked designs. This method is particularly beneficial for complex trials with multiple prognostic factors or centers.

More Related Videos

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
00:04

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.7K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

574

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index
06:55

Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting Propensity Score using the Military Health System Data Repository and National Death Index

Published on: January 8, 2020

14.5K
A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition
00:04

A Clinical Trial Assessing the Safety, Efficacy, and Delivery of Olive-Oil-Based Three-Chamber Bags for Parenteral Nutrition

Published on: September 20, 2019

10.7K
Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment
08:36

Author Spotlight: Evaluating the Adjuvant Efficacy and Safety of Angong Niuhuang Pill in Viral Encephalitis Treatment

Published on: April 19, 2024

574

Area of Science:

  • Clinical Trial Design and Methodology
  • Biostatistics
  • Medical Research

Background:

  • Randomized trials ensure treatment group comparability via random allocation, controlling for confounding factors.
  • Imbalances in prognostic factors can occur despite random allocation, potentially biasing results.
  • Balancing prognostic factors across treatment groups is preferred by trialists, regulatory agencies, and stakeholders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the performance of minimization, a covariate-adaptive procedure, against completely random allocation and stratified blocked designs.
  • To evaluate these allocation procedures based on operating characteristics, predictability, and achieved balance.
  • To identify optimal scenarios for implementing minimization in clinical trials.

Main Methods:

  • Comparison of minimization with completely random allocation and stratified blocked designs.
  • Utilized individual patient data from two clinical trials (ovarian cancer, age-related macular degeneration).
  • Analyzed operating characteristics using asymptotic and randomization tests, assessed predictability, and measured achieved balance.
  • Investigated achieved balance in 50 actual trials using minimization.

Main Results:

  • Minimization demonstrated superior balance in prognostic factors compared to completely random and stratified blocked designs.
  • Covariate-adaptive procedures like minimization offer improved control over baseline imbalances.
  • Minimization showed specific advantages in trials with numerous prognostic factors, multiple centers, or moderate sample sizes.

Conclusions:

  • Minimization is an effective covariate-adaptive procedure for achieving balanced treatment groups in randomized trials.
  • It is particularly valuable in complex trial settings, enhancing the reliability of treatment effect estimates.
  • The study highlights the utility of minimization for improving clinical trial design and execution.