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Related Concept Videos

Decision Making01:20

Decision Making

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Decision-making is a fundamental cognitive process that involves evaluating alternatives and selecting among them. This process can range from simple choices, such as deciding what to wear, to complex decisions, like choosing a major in college or a career path. The complexity of the decision often dictates the approach we use, which can be broadly categorized into two types: automatic and controlled decision-making.
Automatic decision-making is fast, intuitive, and relies on gut feelings...
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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The process of hypothesis testing based on the traditional method includes calculating the critical value, testing the value of the test statistic using the sample data, and interpreting these values.
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Decision Making: P-value Method01:09

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The process of hypothesis testing based on the P-value method includes calculating the P- value using the sample data and interpreting it.
First, a specific claim about the population parameter is proposed. The claim is based on the research question and is stated in a simple form. Further, an opposing statement to the claim  is also stated. These statements can act as null and alternative hypotheses:  a null hypothesis would be a neutral statement while the alternative hypothesis can...
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The Anchoring-and-Adjustment Heuristic01:25

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In order to make good decisions, we use our knowledge and our reasoning. Often, this knowledge and reasoning is sound and solid. However, sometimes, we are swayed by biases or by others manipulating a situation. For example, let’s say you and three friends wanted to rent a house and had a combined target budget of $1,600. The realtor shows you only very run-down houses for $1,600 and then shows you a very nice house for $2,000. Might you ask each person to pay more in rent to get the...
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Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex01:24

Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex

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The somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobes is crucial for interpreting sensory data such as touch, temperature, and proprioception. The somatosensory cortex, situated in the parietal lobes, plays a vital role in interpreting sensory information like touch, temperature, and proprioception—awareness of body position. This specialized brain region features an organized structure wherein neurons at the top primarily process sensations originating from the lower body. In contrast, those at...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Investigating the Function of Deep Cortical and Subcortical Structures Using Stereotactic Electroencephalography: Lessons from the Anterior Cingulate Cortex
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Shifts in attention drive context-dependent subspace encoding in anterior cingulate cortex during decision making.

Márton Albert Hajnal1, Duy Tran2,3, Zsombor Szabó1

  • 1Department of Computational Sciences, Wigner Research Center for Physics, Budapest, 1121, Hungary.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|October 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) uses internal cues to suppress irrelevant stimuli, unlike the visual cortex (V1). This brain region effectively combines sensory information with internal goals to guide decisions during conflict.

Keywords:
anterior cingulate cortexattentioncontext-shifting taskmutual inhibitionrule-switchingset-shifting task

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science

Background:

  • Attention selects percepts using external cues or internal goals.
  • Neural mechanisms involve enhancing attended information and inhibiting distractors.
  • Internal cue-based attention from conflicting stimuli remains poorly understood.

Approach:

  • Recorded neural activity in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during an attention-shifting task in mice.
  • Utilized analytical tools and a recurrent neural network (RNN) model to analyze neural representations.
  • Compared ACC findings with previous studies in the primary visual cortex (V1).

Key Points:

  • ACC neurons showed decreasing decodability of irrelevant stimuli, unlike V1.
  • A RNN model revealed ACC's suitability for context-gated suppression via specific connection structures.
  • Neural network predictions on contextual modulation correlated with neuronal responsiveness in ACC, but not V1.

Conclusions:

  • The ACC employs low-dimensional neuronal subspaces to integrate stimulus information with internal cues.
  • This mechanism facilitates context-gated suppression of irrelevant stimuli for action selection under conflict.
  • Findings highlight distinct roles of ACC and V1 in attention and decision-making.