Understanding the Fermentation Potentiality For Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) Production Using Fungi

Gibberellins represent an important group of potent phytohormones, growth-promoting, closely related diterpenoid acids biologically derived from tetracyclic diterpenoid hydrocarbon. Among these, gibberellic acid (GA₃) has received the greatest attention. GA₃ is a highly valued plant growth regulator which has various applications in agriculture. It is extensively used for beneficial effects including stem elongation, elimination of dormancy, sex expression, seed germination, flowering, and fruit senescence. Along with plants, many microbes are also producing GA₃ as their secondary metabolite, and among these, fungi are reported to produce a higher amount of GA₃. Fermentation technology based on submerged fermentation and solid-state fermentation for the production of GA₃ has been used with its merits and demerits using Fusarium moniliforme fungus in the industry. Several mathematical models and optimization tools were also designed for enhancing the fermentative yield by researchers. The detailed analysis is essential to understand all the fermentation aspects, various unit parameters, process operation approaches, reduction in cost, and assessment of the possible uses of these models in the production of GA₃ for higher yield. Recently, exclusive research is executed to lower down the production cost of GA₃ approaching various strategies.