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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Exploring the Use of Isolated Expressions and Film Clips to Evaluate Emotion Recognition by People with Traumatic Brain Injury
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Characterizing depression after traumatic brain injury using a symptom-oriented approach.

Jai Carmichael1, Jennie Ponsford1, Kate Rachel Gould1

  • 1Monash-Epworth Rehabilitation Research Centre, Epworth HealthCare, Melbourne, Australia; Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.

Journal of Affective Disorders
|October 25, 2023
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Summary

Depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) is complex. A novel symptom-oriented approach reveals unique depression profiles in TBI patients, highlighting distinct associations with outcomes and influencing future research directions.

Keywords:
DSMDepressionDisabilityHeterogeneityLife satisfactionTraumatic brain injury (TBI)

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry
  • Clinical Psychology

Background:

  • Addressing depression after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a challenge.
  • Traditional depression assessment methods oversimplify symptom presentation.
  • A novel, symptom-oriented approach is needed to characterize post-TBI depression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize post-TBI depression using a symptom-oriented approach.
  • To analyze the heterogeneity of depressive symptoms in individuals with TBI.
  • To explore associations between specific depressive symptoms and various factors.

Main Methods:

  • Assessed depressive symptoms in 393 moderate-to-severe TBI participants using the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms - Expanded Version (IDAS-II).
  • Analyzed symptoms of DSM-5 major depressive disorder (MDD), separating compound symptoms.
  • Quantified depression heterogeneity across 16 specific symptoms and explored associations with personal, injury, treatment, and outcome factors.

Main Results:

  • 35% of participants met DSM-5 criteria for MDD; 28% self-reported depression.
  • Post-TBI depression was highly heterogeneous, with 84-91% of depressed participants showing unique symptom profiles.
  • Specific depressive symptoms demonstrated distinct associations with personal, injury-related, treatment, and psychosocial outcome factors.

Conclusions:

  • A symptom-oriented approach captures individual post-TBI depression profiles, which have differential relationships with outcomes.
  • Future research should analyze specific depressive symptoms alongside overall depression scores in TBI populations.