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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex to Experimentally Reduce Ideological Threat Responses
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Modulating risk-taking behavior with theta-band tACS.

Aline M Dantas1, Alexander T Sack1, Elisabeth Bruggen2

  • 1Section Brain Stimulation and Cognition, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University. Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht University. Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV, Maastricht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health, and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Brain+Nerve Center, Maastricht University Medical Center+ (MUMC+). P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, the Netherlands.

Neuroimage
|October 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Stimulating the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) increases risk-taking behavior, while high-intensity right DLPFC stimulation decreases it. Frontal theta-band activity is key to decision-making under risk.

Keywords:
Decision neuroscienceRisk-taking behaviorTheta frequencyTheta-band activitytACS

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Risk-taking is integral to decision-making, yet its neural underpinnings, particularly frontal theta-band activity, are not fully understood.
  • Previous noninvasive brain stimulation studies on theta's role in risk-taking have yielded inconsistent results, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the functional relevance of frontal theta-band activity in risk-taking behavior using transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS).
  • To examine the differential effects of left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) stimulation on risk-taking.
  • To assess the influence of stimulation intensity on behavioral and electrophysiological outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Theta-band (6.5 Hz) tACS was applied to the left (F3) and right (F4) DLPFC using low (1.5 mA) and high (3 mA) intensities in a within-subject, sham-controlled design.
  • Electroencephalography (EEG) and the Maastricht Gambling Task (MGT) were used to measure electrophysiological responses and risk-taking behavior, respectively.
  • Resting-state frontal theta-power was analyzed in relation to behavioral responses.

Main Results:

  • Left DLPFC stimulation increased risk-taking behavior at both intensities; high-intensity (3 mA) right DLPFC stimulation reduced it, unlike low-intensity stimulation.
  • Frontal theta-power increased after left DLPFC stimulation irrespective of intensity, but not after right DLPFC stimulation.
  • A negative correlation was observed between resting-state frontal theta-power and risk-taking behavior, suggesting baseline activity influences responses.

Conclusions:

  • Frontal theta-band activity plays a crucial, functionally relevant role in decision-making under risk.
  • The left and right DLPFC exhibit differential roles in modulating risk-taking behavior, with intensity-dependent effects observed in the right hemisphere.
  • Baseline frontal theta-power may predict individual responses to theta-band tACS, influencing the direction of behavioral changes in risk-taking.