Contact efficiency optimization for tribovoltaic nanogenerators

Energy harvesters based on the tribovoltaic effect that can convert mechanical energy into electricity offer a potential solution for the energy supply of decentralized sensors. However, a substantial disparity in output current, exceeding 10⁶ times, exists between micro- and macro-contact tribovoltaic nanogenerators (TVNGs). To tackle this challenge, we develop a quantification method to determine the effective contact efficiency of conventional large-scale TVNGs, revealing a mere 0.038% for a TVNG of 1 cm². Thus, we implement an optimization strategy by contact interface design resulting in a remarkable 65-fold increase in effective contact efficiency, reaching 2.45%. This enhancement leads to a current density of 23 A m^-2 and a record-high charge density of 660 mC m^-2 for the TVNG based on Cu and p-type silicon. Our study reveals that increasing the effective contact efficiency will not only address the existing disparities but also have the potential to significantly enhance the output current in future advancements of large-scale TVNGs.