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Multi-interface electrical double layers dynamics as a unified platform for power generation and environmental
Youbo Nan1,2, Xiang Li2, Xiutong Wang3
1State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials and Shandong Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Corrosion and Bio-fouling, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.
Abstract:
Electrical double layers (EDLs) at solid-liquid interfaces mediate charge separation and ion transport, but their dynamic use for both energy harvesting and sensing in open water remains limited. Here we show that wave-driven multi-interface electrical double layers in a tubular dielectric architecture can couple power generation with environmental perception. Periodic water motion assembles and disrupts coupled inner and outer interfacial layers, producing a charge-relay and parallel-release process that enhances charge transfer and short-circuit current to levels sufficient for low-power sensing. The same ion motion that generates electricity also encodes hydrodynamic and spatial perturbations as current signatures. Inspired by weakly electric fish, we organize these signatures using a main-auxiliary electrode network that amplifies directional responses and enables coating monitoring, wave-state recognition and two-dimensional localization. This work establishes dynamic multi-interface electrical double layers as a physical platform for self-powered hydrospheric sensing and spatially resolved environmental perception.
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