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Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
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The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
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Parentage influence on gene expression under acidification revealed through single-embryo sequencing.

Cheuk Wang Fung1, Kin Yung Chau1, Daniel Chun Sang Tong1

  • 1Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, China.

Molecular Ecology
|October 27, 2023
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Summary

Ocean acidification impacts sea urchin larvae gene expression. Single-embryo RNA-seq reveals individual variations and family effects, crucial for understanding evolutionary responses to climate change.

Keywords:
RNA-sequencingclimate changedevelopmentechinodermgene expressionpluteussea urchinsingle-embryo

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Area of Science:

  • Marine biology
  • Ecotoxicology
  • Genomics

Background:

  • Ocean acidification (OA), driven by CO2 absorption, alters seawater chemistry and threatens marine calcifying organisms.
  • Previous bulk RNA-sequencing studies masked individual variations in gene expression responses to OA.
  • Understanding individual variability is key to assessing evolutionary potential and natural selection.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate gene expression changes in sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina) larvae under different pH conditions using single-embryo RNA-sequencing.
  • To identify individual and family-level variations in response to ocean acidification.
  • To explore the interaction between genetic background and pH on transcriptomic profiles.

Main Methods:

  • Single-embryo RNA-sequencing of Heliocidaris crassispina larvae.
  • Exposure to three pH conditions (8.0, 7.7, 7.4) across three paternal half-sib groups.
  • Analysis of gene expression patterns, including biomineralization, cell differentiation, and metabolism.
  • Oxygen consumption assays were performed.

Main Results:

  • Transcriptomic profiles clustered into four distinct groups, showing differential gene expression related to key biological processes.
  • Both pH levels and paternal lineage significantly influenced gene expression patterns.
  • A significant interaction between sire identity and pH was detected, affecting embryo cluster membership.

Conclusions:

  • Single-embryo RNA-seq effectively captures individual variability in gene expression responses to environmental stressors like OA.
  • This approach reveals potential impacts before phenotypic changes and highlights the role of genetic background in adaptation.
  • The findings are crucial for predicting the evolutionary resilience of marine populations to climate change.