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Menopause

Menopause

Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH...

Hormonal Regulation

Hormonal Regulation

Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

Hormonal Control of the Ovarian Cycle

The ovarian cycle is meticulously regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. This cycle orchestrates the release of a mature oocyte, essential for reproduction.
Before puberty, the hypothalamus releases GnRH in a low frequency, low amplitude pulsatile manner. This along with the immature hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis activity, results in low estrogen levels and the absence of a fully functional ovarian cycle. At puberty, GnRH secretion increases in both frequency and...

The Menstrual Cycle

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a...

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Hormonal Regulation of Blood Pressure

Endocrinal or hormonal intervention in the cardiovascular system is predominantly exerted by the catecholamines - epinephrine and norepinephrine, as well as a slew of hormones that interact with renal function to modulate blood volume.
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, catecholamines that enhance and extend the sympathetic or "fight or flight" physiological response. These hormones escalate heart rate and the force of contraction...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause

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Published on: August 13, 2019

Case Reports from Women Using a Quantitative Hormone Monitor to Track the Perimenopause Transition.

Maria Meyers¹, Richard Jerome Fehring², Mary Schneider²

¹Jefferson County Department of Health, the Children's Hospital, Birmingham, AL 35226, USA.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)

|October 28, 2023

Summary

Quantitative hormone monitoring offers new insights into perimenopause. This study reveals unique hormonal cycle characteristics during perimenopause using advanced fertility tracking devices.

Keywords:

fertility hormonal monitoring devices menstrual cycles natural family planning perimenopause

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Author Spotlight: Investigating the Relationship Between FSH and Pathophysiological Changes in Perimenopausal Women - Insights from a Mouse Model

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Published on: August 11, 2023

Area of Science:

Reproductive endocrinology and fertility awareness.

Background:

Historically, women tracked fertility using biomarkers; newer electronic devices offer objective hormonal data.
These devices measure key hormones like estrogen, luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and follicle-stimulating hormone.

Observation:

Perimenopause involves variable cycle lengths and fluctuating hormone levels.
A retrospective analysis involved 42 women aged 40-50, with 8 using a quantitative hormonal monitor.

Findings:

The quantitative hormonal device identified distinct hormonal cycle characteristics specific to perimenopause.
These findings highlight unique endocrine patterns during the transition to menopause.

Implications:

This research pioneers the use of quantitative hormone monitoring for understanding perimenopausal fertility.
Results provide a basis for further investigation into perimenopausal hormonal fluctuations and reproductive health.